The Organisation and Its Functions

Question: Write an essay on the organisation and its functions. Answer: Introduction With only 3% available fresh water further having a very low amount of usable water is now becoming a threat and major environmental issue at the global context. Water scarcity and pollution is one among the top ten environmental problems in Australia as well as one of the top five global environmental issues (Medlik, 2012). There is a keen requirement of smart strategies and technologies to improve water management. In this report, a water conservation and management policy named as Sensible water policy for Henry Jones Art Hotels in Australia. This policy involves implementation to latest technologies in hotel working process to conserve more water and reduce maximum water pollution and wastage in the industrial area. Environmental issue, policy name and organisation name Description of the organisation and its functions Henry Jones Art Hotel, Australia is a luxury service hotel in the best location of Australia. This organisation works in areas like cleaning, hygiene, accommodation provider and food preparation where no functioning is possible without sufficient water supply. Russell and Fielding (2010) indicated that water sector mainly involves irrigation, sanitation, hydropower, hospitality, and forestry industries where maximum water supply is required to carry out daily functionality. Henry Jones Art Hotel, Australia is one of the best hospitality providers in Australia and persist a wide range of functionality to serve its customers (Thehenryjones.com, 2016). Justification for the initiative The rising global warming and higher demands are making our restricting the natural resources. There is only 1% of overall water on earth that is available for consumption that is also becoming a threat due to rising population. In Australia hotel companies have to pay for commercial use of water. The 10% of the utility bill is accounted for water and some have to pay more than twice. Therefore, there is an essentially to reduce the water consumption amount that requires plans for water management (Swarbrooke and Page, 2012). This initiative of implementing Sensible water policy in Henry Jones Art Hotel is a policy that involves water consumption measurement, followed by setting specific targets and implementation of possible innovative technologies to maximum water conservation in the organisation (Cech, 2010). Hsieh (2012) indicated that the average use of water in per room of hotel should not exceed 73,000 gallons per year. But, at this organisation, the average water consumption per room was 85,000 gallons as per annual report of 2015. This increased to overall utility bills of organisation indicating an urgent requirement of water conservation planning and policies. It is also been identified that Henry Jones Art Hotel is established since the beginning of 19th century, therefore, the drainage systems of organisation are very old as well as there is no wastewater treatment process in the organisation. As this hotel is established in one of the most industrialised areas of the country there is a keen requirement to get effective and innovative strategies to manage water consumption in Henry Jones Art Hotel (Thehenryjones.com, 2016). The implementations involved in this policy are establishing wastewater treatment plant, rainwater storage capacities, replacing traditional equipments and green hotel prototype formation that will result into 50% reduction in water consumption and wastage in the hotel. Outliningpolicyactionsshouldbeandpotentialresultsfromimplementation Description of the Policy The Sensible water policy works to design a better water conservation system for Henry Jones Art Hotel by implementing latest technologies and procedures that support water conservation. This policy is designed to reduce water utility cost, power consumption, protect the environment, minimise water use and improve guest comfort for overall reducing in water wastage producing environmental safe guest comfort environment. Basically, this is a water conservation policy that is generally used to preserve water in hotels. But, the uniqueness of this policy lies in replacing the traditional conservation strategies with the innovative once to improve water conservation and better control over wastage of resource (Cole, 2012). Policy Objectives Monitor the present water consumption rate Implement innovative strategies to minimise water consumption Review the effectiveness of implemented strategies Policy aim The aim of sensible water policy is to identify the out-dated technologies and implement innovative technologies in water conservation and wastewater treatment processes of Henry Jones Art Hotel, Australia. Discussion of actions to implement Policy The following actions are required to implement water conservation policy in the hotel. The initial step is to develop processes for measuring water use in the organisation and determine the tangible targets. These targets will help to design the implementation strategies in the future working of policy. After determining the targets determine the current water cost and possible saving areas by making a water audit. Further, compare the overall water consumption with hotel industry benchmarks for examining the saving potentials. Calculate the average annual or monthly water consumption per guest per night and get the utility bill ratios Analyse the available fundings for implementation of policy innovative strategies. These fundings are possible through loans, investors or shareholders. As per the gathered information develop realistic targets to successfully process the innovative strategies. Communicate the policy plan to administration; management and employees for achieving established goals. Educate and train the present employees to understand the innovative amendments and processes for effectively using them in water conservation. Encourage the employees to implement their viewpoint on innovations Develop a monitoring and reporting system in the organisation to gather follow-up for the established conservation plan. Compare the organisation conservation process with other competitive organisations and modify conservation strategies as pre-review analysis (Gossling et al. 2012) (Pahl-Wostl et al. 2010). Identification and discussion on potential achievements from implementation of the Policy By implementing this water conservation policy and plan there will surely be a reduction in the overall water utility cost of the organisation that is detected very high as per report of 2015. Therefore, the policy will provide a cost-effective use of water resource to the organisation. Further, the technical issues identified through policy actions will minimise the risks and barriers that are hindering the present working process of the hotel. Another advantage is that there will be the maximum protection of drinking resources and customer health. The wastewater treatment facility will minimise the outside water supply cost. The policy will also help in saving energy consumption by minimising energy use in water treatment, heating and pumping. Lastly, the wastewater treatment facilities will indirect benefit water conservation by providing recycled water within the organisation that will indirectly benefit the natural water reservoirs by minimising the waste outcome of organisation (Pereira-Moliner et al. 2012). Implementationstrategiesfortheorganisationand Roleofotherspecificstakeholdergroups Strategies in policy Innovative technologies for water conservations in hotel The below provided are some useful innovative technologies that will be better enough to implement effective water conservation with up to 80% water conserved under the policy. The use of these new technologies under this policy will help in improving water conservation. Installing low water releasing toilet heads, showers, faucets and fixtures The low-water releasing equipments are designed to release less water with more pressure to develop a feeling of sufficient water capacity, simultaneously preserving the water wastage. The low flow toilets are designed to release 5 litres of water in single flush that is almost half the water release from traditional toilets. These products are certified as 20% more water efficient than standard products (Ray and Engelhardt, 2012). Upgrading dishwashers, laundry and steamers There is specific energy and water saving equipments that use 10% less resource and provides similar working throughout cycles. Replacing the traditional equipments with new technologies will benefit hotel (Tefera and Sterk, 2010). Drought tolerant plants These drought tolerant plants persist unique quality to survive in dry conditions. Therefore, planting more DTP will reduce the gardening water requirement minimum by 10% in hotels (Rahman et al. 2012). Eco-bath system The eco-bath system makes use of mixed water containing 50% fresh water and 50% purified grey water in flush tanks. These are basically linked sink and toilets that are smart technologies to minimise the water wastage. The sink is the source of 50% grey water that is mixed with fresh water and used as flushing water in toilets. Another eco-bath technology is Eco-drop showers that sense the human presence for releasing water. These equipments can effectively control water wastage in hotels (Bohdanowicz and Zientara, 2012). Innovative technologies for wastewater management in hotel Grey water systems The grey water system provides chemical treatment to one tine used water and the recycled water is used for secondary purposes like washing, cleaning, flushing etc. in hotels. This grey water system are not complete water treatment plants rather they are the small system providing mild clearance to one time used water that is not released as waste but used effectively for secondary purposes (Kasim et al. 2014). Thermal recycle system for laundry water The thermal recycle system in hotel laundry works as a dual technology to conserve water as well as energy. The water consumption and sewer discharge of laundry are reduced to 80% by using this aqua recycle system. Even this technology can be implemented in laundry dryers to save energy (Bohdanowicz and Zientara, 2012). Wastewater treatment The hotel should install a separate wastewater treatment system that involves three level of preliminary, primary and secondary treatment process in a single septic tank. This separate treatment plant is easy to manage and provides good quality water for further usage (Tefera and Sterk, 2010). Identification of stakeholders for the Policy initiative and discussion on their role and/or interest The below-provided table described the major stakeholder involvement in the policy implementation with their specific roles Stakeholders Roles Policy Custodian Develop policy proposal form Provide policy toolkit and framework Ensure code of conduct in policy Develop and maintain policy record Managers and Administration Collect information on local water issues from local authorities Perform risk assessment for the hotel Study effectively the regulations and management processes of location for water management Educate the staff about policy processes and techniques Staff Communicate with customers regarding wise use of water Monitor the overall water usage in hotel Request for reuse of clean laundry Educate water conservation techniques to customers as well as colleagues Supervisors All the supervisors of water conservation team need to monitor the functionality of newly implemented techniques of water conservation and report to management regarding issues. Report the overall effectiveness of these techniques in water conservation and management (Charara et al. 2011). Policyreviewprocesstoensurethattheobjectivesarebeingachievedwithindesignated time frames This review process will help to analyse the effectiveness of policy implementation and fulfilment of objectives within provided time frame (Fleishman et al. 2011). Review timings The policy process will be reviewed on the monthly basis after implementation of provided strategies to overcome water wastage. This review will be performed every month until the time of six months to minimise the chance of error and detect the possible issues. However, the review process will be performed annually after completion of six months every year in the hotel. Review panels The review panel will consist two external environment specialists who have expertise in water conservation. Further, the internal members in review panel will be Chairman, Manager, Environment consultant and all the supervisors controlling the policy implementations. The expertise will surely detect the error and defects in policy implementations and the internal members in the panel will identify the cause of defects. Review documentations Panel members will process the review documentations that will be: - Process analysis document Achievements obtained after the last review Process enhancement proposal Review activities schedule Most recent defects in process Recent review updated document Review process After the formation of panel members and policy documentation, the first review process will be the preparation of the report by chairperson in review panel that involves findings and conclusions. The report will contain overall process assessment review that will be forwarded to Environment consultant to add possible recommendations for identified errors. Further, the complete draft report will be moved to authorities and technicians to get required changes implemented in the new system of policy. Review outcomes The review report and consultant report recommendations will let the panel implement planning, quality enhancement and effective work to overcome the hurdles and get the policy implemented effectively in the organisation. For the report outcomes, there will be new action plan developed to input the report recommendations and the progress of these inputs will be analysed in next review process of the organisation. Conclusion The above policy initiative for selected organisation will surely help to overcome the environmental issue of water scarcity and pollution for that particular location. Such policies and planning are required to fulfil the aim of developing environmental sustainability and more focus should be made on developing such policies that can help in overcoming environmental issues as national as well as global context. References Books Cech, T.V., 2010.Principles of water resources: history, development, management, and policy. John Wiley Sons. Medlik, S., 2012.Dictionary of travel, tourism and hospitality. Routledge. Ray, J.P. and Engelhardt, F.R. eds., 2012.Produced water: Technological/environmental issues and solutions(Vol. 46). Springer Science Business Media. Swarbrooke, J. and Page, S.J., 2012.Development and management of visitor attractions. Routledge. Journals Bohdanowicz, P. and Zientara, P., 2012. CSR-inspired environmental initiatives in top hotel chains.Tourism enterprises and the sustainability agenda across Europe, pp.93-120. Charara, N., Cashman, A., Bonnell, R. and Gehr, R., 2011. Water use efficiency in the hotel sector of Barbados.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(2), pp.231-245. Cole, S., 2012. A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A case study from Bali.Annals of tourism Research,39(2), pp.1221-1241. Fleishman, E., Blockstein, D.E., Hall, J.A., Mascia, M.B., Rudd, M.A., Scott, J.M., Sutherland, W.J., Bartuska, A.M., Brown, A.G., Christen, C.A. and Clement, J.P., 2011. Top 40 priorities for science to inform US conservation and management policy.BioScience,61(4), pp.290-300. Gossling, S., Peeters, P., Hall, C.M., Ceron, J.P., Dubois, G. and Scott, D., 2012. Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review.Tourism management,33(1), pp.1-15. Hsieh, Y.C., 2012. Hotel companies' environmental policies and practices: a content analysis of their web pages.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,24(1), pp.97-121. Kasim, A., Gursoy, D., Okumus, F. and Wong, A., 2014. The importance of water management in hotels: a framework for sustainability through innovation.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(7), pp.1090-1107. Pahl-Wostl, C., Holtz, G., Kastens, B. and Knieper, C., 2010. Analyzing complex water governance regimes: the management and transition framework.Environmental Science Policy,13(7), pp.571-581. Pereira-Moliner, J., Claver-Corts, E., Molina-Azorn, J.F. and Tar, J.J., 2012. Quality management, environmental management and firm performance: direct and mediating effects in the hotel industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,37, pp.82-92. Rahman, I., Reynolds, D. and Svaren, S., 2012. How green are North American hotels? An exploration of low-cost adoption practices.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(3), pp.720-727. Russell, S. and Fielding, K., 2010. Water demand management research: A psychological perspective.Water Resources Research,46(5). Tefera, B. and Sterk, G., 2010. Land management, erosion problems and soil and water conservation in Finchaa watershed, western Ethiopia.Land use policy,27(4), pp.1027-1037. Website Thehenryjones.com. (2016).Art history tour at Henry Jones Art Hotel | Hobart History. [online] Available at: https://www.thehenryjones.com/artandhistory/history-en.html [Accessed 24 May 2016].

Why Schools Need The Grading System Essays - Education Reform

Why Schools Need The Grading System C.D. 1/5/99 New School Policy Essay School Number (WHATEVER SCHOOL) is considering a new policy.Students will not receive grades in any classes.Before passing this policy,the principal wants to know how it will affect students.This new policy can have some good effects and bad effects.How would it affect teachers?How would it affect students who plan to go to collage?How would it affect students who usually get bad grades?All these things have to be taken into consideration.In the following paragraphs I will state what I think of this new policy. If students don't recieve grades,how would parents know how their son is doing.Students will not do their homework as much because they are not being graded,so why do it.Why study for tests if its not going to make a difference if you did?If the student needs extra help in a certain class,nobody would know.It would be completely changing hundreds of years of tradition.Grades and school go together to good to just break up the connection altogether.I think report cards are definately needed in schools. School relies on grades.Grades are needed to see what your good and bad in.If you want to be a scientist,you have to know if your good in it.You would also want to go to the right collage.Without grades,none of that is possible without confussion.Grades are useful in a variety of ways,not just to know how you are doing,but to know how others are doing.If you are a manager of a store,and you are looking for a cashier to hire,you don't want to hire anyone bad in math.You have to know what they are good at in order place them in a position.Grades can provide that type of information. Getting back to the point I made earlier,I strongly believe students will slack off on their homework and tests,because it just woulden't matter anymore.You could work on your homework for five hours,and do an extremly good job on it,and their just woulden't be that A+ to be proud of.So that student will eventually start slacking more and more off his homework.That will lead to failure in life.Grades are good for students who are doing bad,cause they can get the help they need to improve themselves.They can say,I got a F in math,I'll try my hardest to bring that grade up. I think grades are definatly needed in school.Without them,what ould school be for.It's a place where you to learn.Without grades,how will you prove you are learning.You go to school to see what you are good in to mabye make a career out of it.You won't know what you are good at,cause you can't prove yourself right.Their is nothing backing you up,or encouraging you to move on to a higher level on a subject.You won't even know how you are donig,cause you need to be tested and graded in order to find out. Acceptance Essays

Essay Topics That Are Easy to Understand

Essay Topics That Are Easy to UnderstandWhile writing an essay or a report, the main goal is to make the reader think. Therefore, it is important that you choose the right essay topics for the target audience.By choosing essay topics that are interesting and written in an appealing manner, you have a better chance of getting your points across to the reader. It is essential that you know what type of audience you are targeting when writing an essay or a report.In choosing appropriate essay topics, there are several points that you must keep in mind. First, you must consider the number of people you are addressing as well as the average reading level of your target audience. There is a wide range in the number of people who can actually read your essay or the report.The more persons who can read it, the higher its probability of being understood by most of them will be. When you do not have a perfect grasp on the average reading level of your target audience, you can refer to the list of guidelines and examples provided by various writing resources and dictionaries. You can also just start with a general essay topic and later expand it by adding some more specialized topics on it. This is a very good method of learning about the type of audience you are writing for.Next, you must consider the kind of writing you are going to do as well as the target audience that you are trying to reach. The essay or the report that you are going to write may be general or it may be more specialized. General essay topics may be about anything. These may include an overview of an event, the point of view on an issue, or even the basic guidelines on how to deal with a certain situation.On the other hand, specific essay topics may be more detailed and have specific rules or regulations that you have to follow while writing the entire piece. It is advisable that you first start with the general one. This way, you can also refine your writing skills and eventually become more profici ent in the process.Another thing that you should keep in mind when selecting essay topics is that you should present the ideas in a manner that is easier to understand. As much as possible, you should try to avoid making the reading process tedious and confusing. To do this, you can always use bullet points to communicate your thoughts.A great tip that may help you in this regard is to create a simple outline. With the help of a highlighter, you can write down your thoughts. After that, you can proceed to go through your outline and copy it to your notebook to make sure that you have already covered all the required information.

Free Essays on 1920s

The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's Free Essays on 1920's The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's The twenties in the United States had a personality and character all its own and it was a â€Å"fun, frivolous and carefree† period in many respects. It was definitely a time not to be missed. But what made it so unique and important in the history of the twentieth century? World War I, â€Å"the war to end all wars† had just ended. American soldiers had fought, 112,432 had died and the victors returned home glad to be free and separate from the horrors they had seen. Woodrow Wilson’s â€Å"peace without victory† plan that became known as the Fourteen Points, a desire to place the U.S. in the forefront of the peace settlement in Europe, was never ratified and America never joined the League of Nations. Disillusioned with the terms of the peace settlement, Americans were also dissatisfied with a mild recession in 1921. Americans looked inward and the old order, the old morality, and the old rules no longer applied in the new era. Warren Harding was elected by a landslide with his slogan of â€Å"return to normalcy.† Changes and innovations occurred in the economy, technology and culture that gave more Americans more leisure time to do what they wanted to do. The pro-business atmosphere and the pursuit of profits led to a period of economic prosperity between 1922 and 1928. The business boom had a rise of manufacturing output of over 60 percent during the period from 1919 and 1929. Times were â€Å"roaring†, unemployment was less than 4% and real wages and standard of living increased significantly, mostly for those in urban areas. As more Americans were working and earning better wages, their standard of living also improved. It is impossible to deny the incredible feats that the U.S. economy was performing in the 1920s and how they improved the quality of life for most Americans. The economic boom was a result of many things. The most obvious cause was the debilitation of Europe after World War I, which left America t...

Partisan Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Partisan Politics - Essay Example This thereby led to the establishment of two different political factions the republicans and the federalists. The republicans were proponents of limiting the federal government powers and giving the state more authority thereby expanding popular participation in politics. The federalists on the other hand strongly supported the national government and international ties especially with Great Britain and pushed for more power to be handed to the federal government. This paper looks at the Federalists views and the main motivator or the reasons why the Federalists pushed for a central government in the United States. The Federalist Party was supported mainly because of seven main issues which the party members deemed important for a great American nation. First there was the funding of the public debt which the Federalists saw necessary for the greater American nation. The Federalist asserted that the fund would help in times of public danger especially from foreign war and to increase the respectability of the American nation (Kincaid, 2011). The consolidated fund of the American nation would also promote trade and also agriculture and manufacturing. The economic advantages also included the lowered interest of money due to the huge pool of money thereby reducing the ratio. The Federalists argued that the public funding would not only benefit the American nation but also the states as the-y were also beneficiaries of the fund. The second aspect was the U.S relations with Great Britain and France who contributed hugely to the economy of United States (Sawyer, 1952). The taxation on imports and i nternal tax on some of the goods raised government revenue. It was therefore the responsibility of the national government to maintain ties with Great Britain and France who contributed largely to the economy of the United States and the Federalists were proponents of this platform. In

National Service Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

National Service Framework - Essay Example Integrated mental health services are to be provided for older people. The process of translating these nationally supported standards into local delivery is outlined. (www.dh.gov.uk). Quality Standard for Health Care was launched in February 2004 and puts the quality at the forefront of the agenda for the NHS and for private and voluntary providers of NHS care. It shows the quality of health organizations, including NHS Foundation Trusts, and private and voluntary providers of NHS care, will be expected to meet in terms of safety, clinical and cost effectiveness, governance, patient focus, accessible and responsive care, care environment and amenities, and public health. (www.dh.gov.uk). The Quality Standard will be a key part in the assessment in the performance as assessed by the Healthcare Commision of all health care organizations. The above mentioned characteristics of NSF and QS will be used to prove that they are doing something to improve their services. Articles and useful websites will be used to strengthen our claim that NSF and QS are doing something. The aims of NSF will be presented to further understand the importance and role of NSF not just only on elderly but to everybody as well. Using the Donabedian framework we will assess the effectivity of the framework by choosing an organization. The paper will assess whether the organization are meeting the national standard. Donabedian framework includes the structure, process and outcome. The organization to be assessed is located in Nottingham Street Melton Mowbray Leicestershire. 1st Choice Abbey Homecare was rated excellent by the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI). CSCI are non government organization that inspect and report on care services and councils. It is an independent but setup by Governmentto improve social care and stamp out bad practice. Abbey Care Home was founded in March 2000 by Jayne LEE, who through remarkable dedication has established her agency with the support of five managers and a team of highly respected professional care workers. The head office is based in Reading and has direct communications for referrals from Social Services, Direct Payments service users and the private sector. Abbey Home Care offers all year round support. The type of service is care home with nursing (private) with 97 residents. The home care is comfortable for the adult they have 87 single rooms. They can have their own GP if required, pets are allowed but with arrangements, strictly no smoking. Internal access includes lift and wheelchair access. External access includes easy accessible local shops, near public transport, minibus or other transport. To help the old age patient feel comfortable the home care create a garden for residents, communication accessories such as own phone point in the room, television set in the rooms to make the patient feel comfortable. The home provides well maintained and pleasant accommodation and grounds. The home was very clean and tidy on the day of inspection. Staff at the home was friendly and approachable. People spoken to confirmed that staff is kind and respectful. The Abbey Care is structured the way the patient wants it to be. It is

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management Essay Representatives of capital supporter scientific management. It proposes to increase industrial output by managing labour scientifically. But organized labour does not want to be scientifically managed. It is not keen about being managed at all. It exists, in fact, to manage itself. Labour controversies, as carried on by the American Federation of Labour, are demands for a voice in the settlement of conditions of work. But this demand is not recognized by capital as a principle. It is only recognized as a necessity when labour, through superior strength, secures its demands in this trade and that. The concession to labour of a voice in determining conditions of work means by implication to capital that management as a whole is still in its own hands; it also means that its actual title to superior, or ownership rights, is not in question. The Industrial Workers of the World leaves no doubt in the mind of capital that it claims only a voice in the management of industry. It makes its fight on the grounds of labours sole ownership, as well as right, to sole management in all that labour produces. Every strike, every difference between organized labour and capital, is an attempt of the former to wrest management, or some degree of management, from the latter. Whether it is an A. F. of L. or an I. W. W. fights, there is in each and every one this issue of management. The question of management is, in fact, the labour movement. If production is to be scientifically managed, organized labour insists that it shall have a hand in the management, or it shall do the managing. It refuses to grow enthusiastic over propositions, which are worked out for it, or without its cooperation, by others who claim to know better than labour knows what is for its good. It was with something like pained surprise that the advocates of scientific management discovered that their propositions to manage labour more efficiently, and to lighten its burdens, met a cold reception at the hands of the conservative, as well as the radical, labour unions. It is conceivable that the efficiency systems of scientific management might admit the labour unions in conference in the settlement of conditions; but it is evident that nothing is further from the intention of the promoters of the science, and that such a proposition would quite seriously impair its purpose. Mr. Frederick W. Taylor, the leader of the movement, states: The greater advantage comes from the new and unheard-of burdens which are assumed by the men in the management, duties which have never been performed by the men or the management side.(1) These new duties Mr. Taylor divides into four large classes, calling them The Four Principles of Scientific Management, all of which, he says, are necessary to secure its object, which is the increased output per unit of human effort. The first of these four great duties (as he also names them), which are undertaken by the management, is to deliberately gather in all the rule of thumb knowledge, which is possessed, by all the twenty different kinds of tradesmen who are at work in the establishment. Knowledge, which has never been recorded, is in the heads, hands and bodies, in the knack, skill and dexterity, which these men possess. The second of the new duties assumed by the management is the scientific selection and then the progressive development of the workmen. The workmen are studied; it may seem preposterous, but they are studied just as machines have been studied. The third duty is to bring the scientifically selected workmen and the science together. They must be brought together; they will not come together without it. I do not wish for an instant to have any one think I have a poor opinion of a workman; far from it. I merely state a fact when I say that you may put your scientific methods before a workman all you are a mind to, and nine times out of ten he will do the same old way when I say, make the workman do his work in accordance with the laws of science I do not say make in an arbitrary sense I want to qualify the word make, it has rather a hard sound. Some one must inspire the man to make the change. The fourth principle is a deliberate division of the work, which was formerly done by the workman into two sections, one of which is handed over to the management. An immense mass of new duties is thrown on the management, which formerly belonged to the workmen requiring cooperation between the management and the workmen, which accounts more than anything else for the fact that there has never been a strike under scientific management. In one of our machine shops, for instance, where we do miscellaneous work there will be at least one man on the management side for every three workmen.(2) Each one of these scientific propositions is perfectly familiar to the workman in spite of the rather naive assurance of the efficiency engineers that they are new. He has known them in slightly different guise for a century past. The new thing is the proposition to develop what has been in the past the tricks of the trade into a principle of production. Scientific management logically follows and completes the factory process. The first and fourth of Mr. Taylors great duties or principles is to deliberately gather in all the rule of thumb knowledge of all workmen, and transfer this knowledge to the management. That is exactly what machinery did and is still doing to craft workers. It usurped the knowledge of the worker and transferred that knowledge to the management. The great discovery of scientific management is that machinery is not absorbing completely, or as completely as it should, a workmans trade knowledge. Mr. Taylor says: This knowledge is the greatest asset that a workman possesses. It is his capital.(3) The task, which efficiency engineers have set, themselves is to gather up the last vestiges of capital possessed by the workingman, and place it for safe keeping and efficiency under The Management. There is an impression that all efficiency methods originate in the brains of efficiency engineers, or with the management. Mr. Taylor is not alone in assuring us that the methods are discovered in the heads and in the hands of the workers, that they are the result of the workers experience in very great degree. A manufacturer as an illustration told the following story: A shoe manufacturer told one girl that he wanted to see how much she could do. She said: Well, there is a certain kind of a filler that I used in another factory. If you will use that kind of filler I can do my work so much more quickly. Another thing, the paper you are using on that tip is too coarse. If you will use a finer paper I wont have to use so much filler. The story concluded: So that girl and this manufacturer worked out a condition that made it easier for her to perform more work.(4) Scientific management is a good scavenger. It is out for every scrap of trade knowledge. Following the machine, it proposes to clean up the last vestige of craftsmanship and to put the shipshape touches to modern industry. There are to be no chance bits of capital lying around loose in the hands of this man and that when the efficiency engineers have finished their job. The second and third of the Four Principles show how this is done. Mr. Taylor says: The workmen are studied just as machines have been studied. And, finally, it is necessary to bring the scientifically selected workman and the science together by inspiring the workman. The workman is to be scientifically selected by a teacher instead of by a foreman; he is to be studied by this teacher, as well as taught, and the unit of human effort is to be squeezed out of him by observing the law of rest and fatigue. He is to be inspired by the same old bonus of the same old task system in which he has served his time. But the bonus or rate, according to efficiency engineers, is never to be cut, as employers who speeded up their workers have cut it in the past. If the old-time employer ever made so gentlemanly a promise regarding the continuous payment of a bonus, he knew he could not keep it. He knew that even out of the goodness of his heart he could not indefinitely continue a bonus or a rate, which his competitors did not pay. But apparently scientific management requires of industry certain ethical standards. Mr. Taylor says that scientific management involves a complete revolution, both on the part of the management and of the men; a complete change in the mental attitude on both sides. Labour would agree with Mr. Taylor, and add that it would require as well a mental revolution in Wall Street. Apparently this is what the New Capitalism, of which scientific management is a part, does require. New Capitalism proposes to disregard the law of wages, and to substitute a beneficent law, which pays better wages, also better profits. But the results have not as yet justified the workers in surrendering their own agencies for self-protection. As yet labour is unconscious of any sloughing off in hardships under the law of supply and demand. It is not conscious that the introduction of methods, which have, for their object the increased output of human effort has had any appreciable connection with wages or wage rates. Union men cite numberless cases where efficiency methods have been introduced, like the task and bonus systems, the stop watch, the observation of the laws of rest and fatigue, and yet wage rates were not increased, but were, in the course of time, reduced. The efficiency engineer answers: Ah, then that is not scientific management! But he will state in conventions to other efficiency engineers that he has great trouble in getting the management to carry out the end of their program, which will insure the worker, the receipt of his bonus. An efficiency promoter observed on one of these occasions: I have had so many letters from people who look on scientific management as a new instrument by which they could squeeze a little more out of the workman and give him no return. I do not want to have anything to do with them. We must share what we get.(5) Organized labour appreciates the wish, but recognizes the difficulty for an efficiency engineer to be an engineer and a financier in action at one and the same time. It is not the efficiency engineer who can fulfil his own promise. He must leave it to the capitalists to share what they get of the new capital which the engineer has collected out of the hands or brains of the workers. In scientifically managed plants there is no change whatever in the status of capital and labour, except the extended enslavement of the latter. Efficiency engineers might successfully promote scientific management by advertising their hope that the management will share what it gets if the factory system had been a less efficient teacher. But the factory system has taught the workers by a series of object lessons. Labour unions represent those workers who have learned that they must rely on schemes for relief, which they themselves initiate, or control. The rest and fatigue schemes of scientific management are especially worthy of suspicion. These schemes propose to finish the job of reducing the labour to a machine attachment, to rob him of what little initiative may be left him in a certain freedom of motion. Mr. Taylor defines his idea of initiative. He says: The manufacturer who has any intelligence must realize that his first duty should be to obtain the initiative of all these tradesmen who are working under him; to obtain their hard work, their good will, their ingenuity, their determination to treat the employers business as if it were their own. And in this connection I wish to strain the meaning of the word initiative to indicate all of these good qualities.(6) All propositions to increase wealth make an appeal to imagination. No one, certainly not organized labour, doubts the ability of American capitalists to discover new schemes neither for increasing the output, nor of the American workman to produce it. It has been reported that the labour cost of production in England, with its lower wage rates, is higher than the cost in America, because the American workmen, through the pressure of management, yield an amount per worker unknown to English labour. Scientific management proposes to increase this yield by several hundred percent. Workers looking back a generation or two may admit that with the introduction of machine processes they have here and there reaped a harvest of several cotton shirts instead of one woollen, a standing lamp instead of the ancestral candlestick, and, as clear gain, a Victor talking machine. But no one is ever jubilant over luxuries, which they have bought with their lives. It is organized labour alone that remembers the ghastly price paid for increased consumption; the generations of men, women, and children who have been maimed and murdered in the process. Greed and desire, not the well being of labour, are still the motive forces back of increased wealth production. If we are about to enter upon an era of a New Capitalism which recognizes that it will pay to increase the number of cotton shirts without exacting so heavy a toll as has been exacted in the past, organized labour still demands that it shall determine, or have a voice in determining, what that toll shall be and what shall be the reward. Scientific management, the promoters say, recognizes no difference in determining standards of efficiency between management, capital goods and labour. Well and good; labour does. Organized labours observations of a worker do not end with the days work. They extend over the wear and tear of a lifetime. They take into consideration a workers ability to react after work, mentally as well as physically. They take into consideration the workers ability to realize his maximum in his non-labouring hours. And they would also consider his ability to realize his maximum in his labouring hours if labour had an opportunity to fix a maximum consistent with the life interests of labour as a whole. The difference between scientific management and organized labour is that the aim of the latter is to make men, the aim of the former is to make goods.