Sigmund Freud Civilization And Its Discontents - 1682 Words

Sigmund Freud: Civilization and Its Discontents In the book Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes about how civilization is a place of conflict when it comes to the need for conformity. Civilization is a place that does not function orderly despite having laws and regulations put in place. People often face the challenge in conforming to the restrictions in their daily lives when it comes to satisfying their needs. Sigmund Freud refers to religion as a method of conformity when people are conditioned to their beliefs. Men in a civilization have the objective to be happy, but often face unhappiness when they do not satisfy their instincts. In addition, Freud also believes that happiness is restricted by our constitution through the use of laws and regulations. Furthermore, the author also refers to sexuality as a component to building relationships in society. Moreover, Freud also draws a conclusion that our aggressive instincts lead us to guilt when we harm one anot her. Although Sigmund Freud makes an assessment on civilization being a place of conflict, humans lack the ability in changing their behaviors, the theory on satisfying our instincts do not bring happiness to a humans mind in our civilization. According to Freud, religion is method of conformity in our civilization. The idea of religion is used as a foundation for the purpose of human life. Men in our society have the objective to obtain happiness, but their daily activities often leads toShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Civilization And Its Discontents1582 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud, in his book Civilization and Its Discontents, contests that humans are subject to savage, animalistic instincts. He opposes the Marxist value that humans are superior to their animal counterparts, rather, he holds, humans are quite like wolves to each other. With this claim, he explores how internal compositions work in the grand scheme, to create a working mechanism of society that tames and c reates internal negotiations of behaviour and instinct. (also include what comes of the lastRead MoreAll Of Civilization And Discontents By Sigmund Freud1172 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Freud’s â€Å"All of Civilization and Discontents† can be described in a great to be a philosophical treatise where he attempts to introduce a psychological framework to replace the existing metaphysical and idealist framework. In his style, he persuades the audience to analyze the philosophical problems by applying them in his daily life. Nevertheless in his persuasion, he wants the reader to go beyond and see his own metaphysical construction. Written in the 30s, the book came at a timeRead MoreThe Connection between Civilization and Individuals in Civilization and Its Discontents by Sigmund Freud582 Words   |  3 PagesIn Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes primarily to examine the relationship between the individual and society. Through Freuds examination of the relationship, a deeper understanding of the complexity of mental life is realized. Freud begins to develop the relationship early in the work by depicting the most primitive realizations of self and the most primitive realizations of the external world. He further develops this relationship through the musing of sexual desire and itsRead MoreThe And Its Discontents By Sigmund Freud852 Words   |  4 PagesSigismund Schlomo Freud or better known as Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 and passed away on September 23rd, 1939. He was one of eight children growing up. At the age of 17, Freud attended the University of Vienna where he first studied law. He later changed his major to medicine. Freud was a neurologist in Austria and became a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna. He was well known for studying psychoanalytic theory of the mind. He created psychoanalysis which is a wayRead MoreCivilization and Its Discontents, by Sigmeund Freud Essay example840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents† is a book written by Sigmund Freud in 1929 (originally titled â€Å"Das Unbehagen in der Kultur† or The Uneasiness in Culture.) This is considered to be one of Freud’s most important and widely read works. In this book, Freud explains his perspective by enumerating what he sees as fundamental tensions between civilization and the individual. He asserts that this tension stems from the individual’s quest for freedom and non-conformity and civilization’s quest for uniformityRead MoreSigmund Freud : Exploring The Human Psyche1723 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud: Exploring the Human Psyche Caroline Zapert Senior division Historical paper 1511 words Sigmund Freud was a thinker whose exploration of the human psyche helps us, as human beings, to understand why our lives and relationships make us feel the way we do. He tells why life is hard, how to cope, and sought answers as to how modern civilization came to be. His studies spurred from his own anxiety-ridden life. Born into a middle-class Jewish family in 1856 (McLeod), FreudRead More Freud and Hedda Gabler: The Wolf Behind the Protagonist1369 Words   |  6 PagesFrom its very creation until now; civilization has been at odds with the fundamental human instinct. While civilization is just a mechanism used to control the human instinct and place an order so a broader society can function; the basic human is far from controlled. Sigmund Freud in ‘From Civilizations and Its discontents’ suggest that nothing can really control human instinct but rather deter it from its ‘homo homini lupus’(Freud, 1697) nature which translates into man is a wolf to man. ThisRead More Science, Technology, and Human Values Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesValues in Sigmund Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents, Henrik Ibsen and Arthur Millers An Enemy of the People, and Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Technology has advanced to the point where it touches our lives in nearly every conceivable way-we no longer have to lift a finger to perform the most trivial tasks. The wealth of information and science we have learned in the last few centuries have made our lives easier but not always better, especially when concerning civilization as a wholeRead MoreEgo and Super Ego in Dantes Inferno Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesand Dante in Inferno with Sigmund Freud’s discussion of the conscience or super-ego in Civilization and Its Discontents. How does Freud explain and characterize the relationship between super-ego and ego in the individual? Cite examples of the interaction between Virgil and Dante and compare closely with Freud’s discussion of the psychical agencies, super-ego and ego: To what extent does the dynamic between Virgil and Dante illustrate the same pattern or features? Freud meets Dante: Ego and Super-EgoRead More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe human psyche is divided into rational and irrational drives. Courtesy of Sigmund Freud, it is divided into the id, ego, and super-ego. According to Freud, although the super-ego controls the other two to present ourselves in a rational state within society, the id often tends to be out of complete control by the conscious, making it an unconscious action. For Freud, it’s the recognition that the irrational is there, that it must be controlled to take over. Man’s aggressive nature does tend to

The Incarceration Rate Of The United States - 2970 Words

When the word America is mentioned many people get a vision. Majority of people see it as the land of the free and where many opportunities await. In many eyes, our nation (America) is viewed as being number one, all around the board. That, I can say is true but when it comes to the incarceration of its citizens, it’s not so free after all. According to Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (2009), â€Å"the United States has the highest documented incarceration rate, and total documented prison population in the world. As of year-end 2007, a record 7.2 million people were behind bars, on probation, or on parole. Of the total, 2.3 million were incarcerated. More than 1 in 100 American adults were incarcerated at the start of 2008. The People’s Republic of China ranks second with 1.5 million, while having four times the population, thus having only about 18% per the U.S. incarceration rate.† (1) Also, â€Å"in 2002, 93.2% of the prisoners were male. About 1 0.4% of all black males in the United States between the ages 25 and 29 were sentenced and in prison, compared to 2.4% of Hispanic males, and 1.3% of white males.† (2) When reading theses statistics, I didn’t know if I was mad, or if I was just really in awe. The number of African American males in prison is astounding. I feel that without a doubt, blacks are no more criminal than anyone else in our society. Yet, it is as if blacks are more familiar with the criminal justice system than anyone else. It is almost as ifShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States2386 Words   |  10 PagesIncarceration rates in the United States, and closer to home – in Ohio, have been rising at astonishing rates over the last 20 years. Rising incarceration rates stem from increased sentencing of non-violent crimes, little attention to rehabilitation within most prison walls, and extremely high recidivism rates. The problem of the increasing prison population touches many areas of our society – from reduced workforce to inc reased state funding for prisons to the adverse effects on children growingRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration Rates On The United States2094 Words   |  9 PagesIn the U.S., our criminal justice system incarcerates more people than any other country on earth. Incarceration rates have skyrocketed over the past 30 years due to stricter laws and harsher penalties for drug use and possession. As a result of these high incarceration rates, many households and society, in general, has been adversely affected by the absence of men and women from their families and from their communities. While being in confinement is definitely tough on those incarcerated, theRead MoreLegislation and Incarceration in United States956 Words   |  4 PagesLegislation and Incarceration (Order #A2068178) The incarceration rate in the United States has steadily risen since 1973, and Franklin Zimring has examined the relationship between penal legislation and the incarceration rate. He has discovered three distinct periods which demonstrate three differences in the way legislation effects penal practices. During the first period in which there was a major rise in incarceration rates, 1973-1985, Zimring asserted that there was no relationship betweenRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poem The Star Spangled Banner after witnessing the attack on Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy in the War of 1812. The poem was sang to the tune of a well-known British song and eventually, Key’s once amateur patriotic poem became the United States national anthem in which the lyrics strongly symbolize our country’s perseverance and freedom. The Star Spangled Banner can be heard at a variety gatherings such as official military functions and sporting events where celebrity singers oftenRead MoreCrime Rate And Its Effect On The Incarceration Rate1335 Words   |  6 Pagesvariable is whether a state elects or appoints judges. The dependent variable is the incarceration rate (per 100,000 people) for each state. To control for these variables, we also measured the violent crime rate (per 100,000 people) for each state. The violent crime rate allows us to see whether or not crime rate or judges are having a measurable effect on the incarceration rate. Without controlling for the crime rate, we would not be able to tell if higher incarceration rates were truly a resultRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdid read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegal immigrants - it is criminals. That was an important quote since the stereotypical criminal in our racially div ided America in most cases are those of color also known as blacks. This is why the criminal justice system in the United States promotes the mass incarceration of blacks that can be seen through highRead MoreSouth Carolina Should Reduce Crime Rates Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagescausation, then crime rates are extremely high due to the increase amounts of people being incarcerated. South Carolina should offer a proposal to reduce crime rates. Possible proposals to reduce crime rates- offering inmates or ex-convicted felons opportunities to find jobs, developed new skills or trade, and the ability to asses counselling once release. These alternatives can possibly improve not only the society, but also South Carolina. To find a program to reduce incarceration, create a positiveRead MoreThe Death Of The Prison1446 Words   |  6 PagesSince the United States is high in incarceration rates and recidivism rates, it would be an excellent idea to examine other countries and how they man age to keep incarceration and recidivism rates low. Besides Norway, there are other countries that have a significant low incarceration and recidivism rate. Two countries are Germany and the Netherlands. In 2013, Germany incarcerated 64, 379 out of a population of 81.1 million compared to the 2,239,800 individuals incarcerated in the United States in 2011

Palace walk free essay sample

Patriarchy in simple terms can be defined as a system or government in which men hold the power and status, in comparison to women who are largely excluded. Throughout this assignment, particular attention will be placed upon issues surrounding patriarchal culture and the effects of the British colonial rule. Furthermore, the manners in which patriarchy manifests itself in regards to human relationships and behaviour will also be discussed, as well as the effect of power relations on the ability of people to self-actualise. Examples of two of the characters from within the book ‘Palace Walk’ will be used, in order to assist our understanding further on situations which relate to patriarchy. Other points which will be taken into consideration will focus on the secular and religious challenges faced by Muslim intellectuals, activists and reformers. The views and ideas of Ramadan, Ibrahim, Mahmood and Badran will be looked into and discussed throughout this assignment, alongside other theories/theorists relating to these issues. Research carried out by Millet (2000) suggested that hierarchy is described as a structure within society, in which women are placed firmly in a subordinate role. The hierarchal rule `proposes that the man possesses more power in comparison to the woman and this suggestion is carried on into the patriarchal system. Lerner (1986) also agrees with the idea that patriarchy refers to the male being in a position of authority. This assumption forms the basis of society and shows how society as a whole places men and women in to roles which they deem accordingly. Work carried out by Millet (2000) implies that men and women are actually socialised into certain roles from early childhood. In regards to boys, the role of playing a figure of ‘leader’ through play association and the influences of other male family members unconsciously places the child in a position of dominance. On the other hand girls are assumed to possess the ability to take part in a so called ‘caring’ role. Millet (2000) agrees with Lerner (1986) that through patriarchy, the male species is placed in an authoritative position and this allows the male to assume ownership over the female. Millet (2000) goes on to explain further that this position of authority and dominance may have a negative effect in certain cases and can allow situations such as emotional and physical abuse to take place. An example of patriarchy can be extracted from the book ‘Palace Walk’ in which Fahmy, the son of Ahmed, finds himself in a subordinate position within the home. His father Ahmed uses his power gained through the association with patriarchy to keep his family in line. This has led to Fahmy being unable to self-actualise as Maslow (1943) says is possible through the attainment of certain needs. In the case of Fahmy, his ability to self-actualise has been impeded by his father and his father’s religious beliefs thus not allowing him the freedom of choice with regard his place in society nor allowing him the freedom to choose his bride. The same can be said for Ahmed’s other siblings they have all been deterred from self-actualisation by the implementation of Islamic beliefs and values upon them, and their inability to have a choice in how they pursue their lives. Fahmy is subjected to emotional strain just from the tone of his father’s voice when being spoken to. Ahmed relies on being a disciplinarian as a means to controlling his family and asserting his status within the patriarchal family. Ahmed’s expectations from his family require them to respect him at all times and this is done by evoking fear within them, as a means of keeping control of his family. Ahmed’s family are expected to behave in an extremely devout way, worshiping him just as they would their religion. This type of discipline and strain is the reason why his wife and siblings keep a lot of what goes on in their lives from him. Lies and being evasive about their lifestyle is evident, however this provides them with a comfort zone from their authoritarian ruler but deters their own self-actualisation. In reference to patriarchal culture and colonialism, the western society perceives them-selves to be the more dominant force within civilisation and aim to maintain their role as the holder of power within the hierarchal structure through the use of dominance. The notion of white males being more superior in contrast to blacks or other cultures has provided a false belief of power. The East are led to feel that taking on the persona of the white man has caused them to lose their diversity of culture and traditions and has in turn led to resentment and hatred towards the western cultures and  values. These influences in power have led to attempts at colonialism by Eastern populations over their Western counterparts. The aims of the British to assume power over Egypt many centuries ago has influenced how the East perceives the West, and how this has led to the eastern communities’ response to colonialism as a whole. This hierarchical approach led the way to British dominance, and the loss of identity for Egypt. The more control taken by the British, the more British Egypt became. The whole issue of colonialism was formed around the Western idea of power, money and business and the need to accumulate wealth. Traditional responses to colonialism can be seen within Palace Walk (1991). Firstly the response of Ahmed was to support the nationalist movement by payments to the cause. However, Ahmed did assume that his time was more important and he should devote this to his work and family rather than nationalism. In contrast Fahmy, the son of Ahmed, was a devout nationalist supporter, dedicating his time to the cause, distributing pamphlets and ultimately sacrificing his life in an attempt to over throw colonialism in Egypt. The more common responses to the protectorate of the British being in place are the formation of revolutionary organisations which claim to protect the identity of Islam. They are well known for their use of violence to educate the public in their beliefs. The Muslim Brotherhood began life as a religious organisation, educating those who could not read and write, and teaching Islam. During the time of British rule the Muslim Brotherhood, founded by Hassan-al-Banna saw an increase in interest in its beliefs, as they began to oppose British rule. Egyptian nationalists have often blamed the Muslim brotherhood for violence during this era, and have often held them responsible for atrocities which took part. The Muslim Brotherhood are responsible for the organisation of Hamas, an Islamic movement created as a means for resistance to British and Western control of the East. Further groups have been founded besides the Nationalists however these have had varying degrees of effect, and have resulted in terrorism being used in the name of Islam and the Arab nations. Western cultures have spread across the Middle East along with western economic and political control. By introducing these Western ideas has only lead to the growth of Arab nationalism. Their powerful influences towards education have led to improvements in medical care and by introducing techniques from the west in agriculture and industry. However, the Arab world has felt the domination from the West was in favour for the nations of Europe at their expense. Arab intellectuals have debated whether modernization of Islam would be a positive and effective route to take for the removal of Western domination. Ramadan (2004) has stated that western democracies will not survive if the West keeps on defining opposition to Islam. He says that we need to create a world where difference is valued. In doing so it is up to the ordinary people to create interpersonal dynamics that foster ‘knowledge, respect and trust’. Ramadan (2004) suggests that encouraging all Muslims to think critically will contribute to radical reform, which will lead them from struggling to find a way forward to a creative transformational reformation of Islam. In order to build this radical reform, Ramadan (2004) has devised an approach which is known as the ‘Seven C’s’. He suggests that Muslims need to have confidence in themselves about their contribution to history through education in order to develop better knowledge of one self. Through consistency they need to have the capacity to critique Muslim societies and practices and not idealize one’s values by contributing and helping Europeans and fellow Muslims move beyond integration. Having a creative mind will increase their capacity for initiative and risk, which leads onto communication by defining concepts in showing intellectual and cultural empathy to themselves and others. They must also contest to where they feel there are unfair practices, for example within the home, religion or secular societies which then leads to compassion for oneself and others. Ramadan believes that by living out this framework, Muslims can promote discourses that advance peace, critical reflection, dignity, freedom and justice. ‘Demand justice and give love’. (p89). According to Ramadan (2004) Islam does not take a one dimensional approach. Islam respects the views and opinions of other western and European cultures whilst remaining faithful to its fundamental religious principles. The East wishes to keep their traditions and culture however they feel that their approach must be modernised. Islam according to Ibrahim (2007) has not been critiqued for over a thousand years and must be looked at from all angles and changed to reflect modern societal requirements. Ibrahim suggests that to understand Islamic thinking, one has to take a historical approach. In doing so he says that when reading the Qur’an, you need to understand the basic heritage of Islam so that this will enable the youngsters of the 21st century to develop modern Islamic thinking and be faithful to their religion. Ibrahim (2007) emphasises the need to respect history and use this as a foundation to move forward, but this must be combined with political minded thought. The dispute between the factions of government and religion has resulted in the manipulation of the Eastern society to benefit the aims of either party. This can be seen as a patriarchal approach, the need to gain superiority and domination of society and influence others through your own beliefs. As discussed briefly in this piece Ibrahim (2007) says that the way forward is to modernise Islam. Ibrahim (2007) also argues that freedom is a core Islamic value and is mentioned within the Qur’an, and the use of this central value to form the basis of society is imperative in creating a society which is based on solid Islamic culture. However in comparison to this theory Badran (1995) states there has been a lack of education for women and young girls throughout the East for many centuries, influenced by the issue of patriarchy, placing them firmly within the home with no economic use to society. Women have been deterred from taking up employment as this is seen to be a challenge to the patriarchal norms of society. Their role as discussed by Miller (2000) is firmly within the home, socialised into subordination. It is often forgotten that Universities and schools have only appeared in the U.S over the last 100 years and in many other western countries barely over 50 years. Women’s feminist movements have used this issue as a basis for their argument for the right of women to an education. The Statute of Women’s Rights, was changed in order to give women some rights within society, for example the right to education, however, was not extended to include situations within  the home. Badran believes that Muslim women have created original forms of feminism, but still the West is sceptical as they believe the existence of such in Islam is impossible to achieve. It is the element of patriarchal power that women have been attacked for when they have tried to fight against this suppression. But today there is a growing movement amongst Muslim women steering away from the inherited patriarchal Islam towards egalitarian Islam. It has been talked about how the Qur’an mentions gender equality in Islam. Activists are using these new practices within societies in order to support a reformation of Muslim family law. Islamic feminism rejects the opposition between secular and religious and the east and west. They want to separate religion and state by the upholding of a secular state which can guarantee freedom of religion. Just because people identify themselves as secular does not necessarily mean that they are not religious or anti-religious. Ramadan spoke of the â€Å"importance of a constructive dialogue on shared values†. Islamic feminism has a lot to contribute and in order to promote further involvement of shared values one needs to rest assured that the values being shared are egalitarian values and not patriarchal ideas. In the 1970’s the women’s mosque movement began. The movement had a transformative effect on Egyptian society. The main goal of the women in the mosque movement was to ground everyday life in the practice of Islam by allowing oneself to control which direction they wanted their society to move in so that they didn’t lose sight. The contemporary piety movement in Egypt required the members of the community to teach one another the correct Islamic codes. It also brought the following changes such as providing services for the poor, the forms of public debate to financial management of households. As Mahmood (1962) discusses the mosque movement arose because there were perceptions that religious knowledge had become marginalized due to modern structures of secular dominance. Muslims have asked why the West has moved forward and we have been left behind. Three common responses are as follows. Firstly we as Muslims have strayed from the path of Islam. Secondly, we have failed to maintain our  status as a world power relinquishing our power to the West. Alongside this issue is the Eastern inability to maintain an equal status with the West and the future development of science, technology and politics. However, of most importance we have been unable to maintain an economic status resulting in the East being dominated and influenced on a large scale by Western values and business. This has resulted in the loss of cultural identity and mainstream values associated with Islam in favour of a less stringent approach which is dominated by political influence. Ibrahim (2007) puts forward the impression that in order for Islam to move forward there must be a separation of politics and religion. Religion may be used to influence society and individual decisions and tradition however politics are required to have no religious intervention but be based solely on the requirements of a nation and their future as a world power. The third response is to choose between reverting to the Golden Age of Islam based on Islamic values which have been seen as a stable setting for Eastern society, or move forward in an attempt to maintain equal power with the West by modernising Islam. These answers can be useful to a certain degree in analysing Eastern responses to colonialism. A move towards the Golden Age of Islam as seen by some Muslims as the way forward is often used to demonise the west and cause conflict. Freedom is a core Islamic value and is used by some factions as a reason for the use of terrorism in defence of their nation. The influence of the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas has been substantial. Their revolutionary stance uses violence as a means to protect Islamic values. These groups have interpreted Islam for the benefit of their cause. There are many varying factors which need to be looked at for Islam and the Arab world to move forward in contemporary society. When such issues are addressed they will lead to a unified nation which is capable of maintaining itself as a world power alongside the West, although of greater importance will be the unification of its people in their aim for democracy and equality.

Case Study of Kathleen Johnson Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Kathleen Johnson. Answer: Introduction: The report reviews the case study of Kathleen Johnson, a 45 year old woman with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Due to the problem of overweight and challenges in managing appearance, she was admitted to the hospital for sleeve gastrectomy surgery. The report discusses about the etiology and pathophysiology of patients presenting condition (obesity) and then reviews her observation after 2 hours in post-anesthetic recovery room (PARU) to detect deterioration and the pathophysiology behind the deteriorating symptoms. Based on this justification, appropriate nursing management and role of interdisciplinary health care team to manage patients condition is provided. Etiology and pathophysiology of patients presenting condition Since Kathleen has been admitted to the hospital for sleeve gastrectomy surgery, it is evident that obesity is main presenting condition in patient. Her BMI is 40kg/m2 and due to weight gain and appearance issue, she had to undergo sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Obesity is a clinical condition leading to excessive deposition of fat or adipose tissue in the body of a person. Any person having a BMI of over 30 kg/m2 is regarded as obese (Cummings Cohen, 2016). The etiology of obesity involved multiple factors. For instance, metabolic factors, diet, genetic factor and physical activity level play a role in regulation of body weight. Although genetic factor also plays a role in risk of obesity, however behavioral, environmental, physiological and socio-cultural factors also increase energy balance and contribute to obesity. The most common behavioral and environmental risk factor obesity includes sedentary lifestyle, excess energy intake and poor physical activity (Saunders, Chaput Trembl ay, 2014). Social link to increase in weight includes impact of parent lifestyle and food habits on health behavior of children and youths Increase in weight is associated with other comorbidities such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Bray 2014). Kathleen is a patient with type 2 diabetes and struggling to control her diet and blood sugar level. To prevent risk of other complication, weight loss surgery was important for her. From the etiology of obesity, it is understood that genetic as well behavioral factors increase the risk of excess fat deposit in patient. The adipocyte is the main cellular basis for obesity and increased in size or number of these cells contributes to obesity. Although in normal condition, fat is stored in the body for survival during starved state. However, when a person takes high energy food in large amount, it results in excessive storage of fat and the end result for which is obesity (Goossens Blaak, 2015). Hence, the cause begin obesity is high calorie food and the cellular basis for obesity is the adipocyte. In case of Kathleen, her obesity was untreated before the surgery. Although she was gaining weight, she had not taken any preventive steps to control the condition. For this reason, opting for sleeve gastrectomy was a necessary option for her to manage her condition. Obesity mainly contributes to metabolic dysfunction and damages the function of cardiac, liver, endocrin e and intestinal gland if it left untreated (Saltiel Olefsky, 2017). Hence, bariatric surgery is the best option for obesity management. Evidence has shown that bariatric surgery leads to weight loss and contributes to improvement in metabolic disorders like diabetes too (Reges et al., 2018). Sleeve gastrectomy is also one of the bariatric surgeries that promotes weight loss and improved gyclemic control in patient (Fuchs et al., 2017). Therefore, by opting for surgical option, Kathleen can improve her symptoms related to diabetes too. Pathophysiology and nursing management of the patient Pathophysiology of patients post-operative deterioration Kathleen observation after two hours in the PARU revealed several deteriorating signs and symptoms. For instance, Kathleen respiratory rate was 28 breaths per minute whereas pulse rate was 130 beats per minute. By comparing these vitals signs with normal parameters, it can be said that respiratory rate of patient is abnormally high as normal respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths/min. His pulse rate is also an area of concern as it is above the normal value of 60-100 beats/min. Such abnormalities in Kathleens respiratory and pulse rate might have occurred due to the effect of obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption in patient. Obesity is highly associated with respiratory complication in obese patient. Obese patients tend to have higher respiratory rate because of the impact on lung function (Pepin et al, 2016). Abdominal obesity and lung dysnfunction affects systemic inflammation thus leading to respiratory disorder in patient (Oppenheimer et al., 2014). The review of Kathleens history revealed that he was heavy smoker and consumed four bottles bear every night. Cigarette smoking is one factor that has an impact on pulse rate, breathing rate and oxygen consumption of an individual. This occurs because the chemical found in cigarette aggravates the cilia, leads to the deposition of tar and narrows the air passage. Such change in the lung is reason for abnormal respiratory rate in patient (Papathanasio et al., 2013). Hence, patients presenting condition exacerbated his vital signs post operation. The review of other vital signs in patient included blood pressure of 190/100 min. This clearly indicates that Kathleen was hypertensive. The likelihood of hypertension might have increased in patient due to the effect of surgery as well as due to obesity. Overweight and obese patients are more likely to suffer from hypertension. Such association between obesity and hypertension is seen due to the impact of obesity on metabolic functions. Other mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension includes endothelial and vascular impairment, neuro-endocrine imbalance, maladaptive immune response and dietary factors (DeMarco, Aroor Sowers, 2014). This explanation confirms that obesity is the reason for deteriorating post-operative sign for Kathleen. Other factors that might have contributed to high blood pressure for patient includes smoking and diabetes. The link between diabetes and hypertension has been established because both have common pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Low-grade inflammatory response and insulin resistant increased in type 2 diabetes patient thus contributing to hypertension (Lingam et al., 2018). As Kathleen had undergone sleeve gastrectomy surgery and effect of anesthesia and surgery might have also lead to hypertension in patient (Brethauer et al., 2015). Another sign of post operative deterioration found in Kathleen was low urine output and pain score in patient. Kathleens indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) volume was 5mls in the last hour, although the normal urine output per hour is 50-60 mL. Surgery is one of the reasons for low urine output. Surgical blood loss and dehydration in patient decreases urine output and lead to acute kidney injury on surgery patients. Poor renal perfusion and decreased urine output are common complication seen in the post anesthesia care unit (Canales Hatch, 2014). Hence, the reason for such clinical deterioration in patient is clear. Another parameter that was affected for patient post operatively was her pain score. Kathleens pain score was 7/10 and the severity of the pain might also be the reason for presence of abnormal BP and respiratory rate. Blood pressure of Kathleen might have increased due to effect of pain. Pain promotes sympathetic activity thus leading to high blood pressure (Laquian et a l., 2018). Hence, while deciding treatment for patient, the effect of pain on other vital signs must be carefully examined. Nursing management of patient post-operatively Based on analysis of post-operative deterioration in patient, the main care priorities for patient are management of abnormal vital signs of patient hypertension, pain score and respiratory rate and low urine output). Since Kathleen is obese and has diabetes, hence it is necessary to improve respiratory and vascular function as leaving these sign untreated may further complicate his condition (Mahajan, Lau Sanders, 2015). The management of hypertension can be done by providing hypertensive medication to patient. After consultation with physician, the nurse can provide beta-blockers or angiotensive converting enzyme inhibitors to control his blood pressure (Wolf et al., 2016). To promote recovery in patient, the nurse also need to focus on dietary changes so that blood sugar level is maintained. Due to high pulse rate and respiratory rate, the patient may have ineffective breathing pattern. Hence, the care priority will be to assess respiratory rate and monitor ventilation status of Kathleen regularly. The rate and depth of respiration and need for oxygenation can also be examined. To provide comfort to patient, proper body alignment should be maintained too (Gordon, 2014). To address the issue of low urine output, there is a need to provide both fluid and drug therapy to prevent dehydration. During gastrectomy, some parts of her stomach were removed. Hence, it will be necessary to monitor wound healing and prevent signs of infection in patient. Apart from clinical intervention for management of vital signs, another care priority is to provide health education to patient so that Kathleen could be motivated to make changes in her lifestyle and eating habits. Since she is a smoker and consumer, making her quit both is necessary to maintain her health in the long term. Smoking has deleterious impact on obese patient and those with obesity (Lycett et al., 2015). Hence, the nurse needs to make Kathleen aware about the harmful effect of smoking on alcohol consumption on her metabolic and respiratory function. After this education, the patient can be supported to quit smoking by means of nicotine replacement therapy. Involvement of interdisciplinary health care team for the care of patient: Apart from nurses and medical team, the contribution of dietician is necessary to help Kathleen take low calorie foods and avoid food containing high amount of salt and sugar. Dietary intervention can reduce risk of diabetes related complication and prevent patient from gaining weight. Secondly, the involvement of physiotherapist is necessary as due to surgery, her mobility is affected. By collaborating with physiotherapist, Kathleen can learn to do exercise so that she can build her muscle strength. The role of a bariatric consultant is also necessary to educate Kathleen about her care needs and ways to manage her wound after discharged (Torti et al., 2017). Conclusion: The report discussed about the process of planning care for Kathleen by examining her medical history and discussing about the pathophysiology of obesity. The etiology and pathophysiology of obesity gives the insight that presence of various risk factors predisposed patient to obesity. The review of deterioration in vital signs and justifying them with the path physiology also helped to understand the mechanism by which Kathleen faced such clinical deterioration in patient. To enhance recovery in patient, proper collaboration between inter-professional team is necessary too. References: Bray, G. A. (2014). Obesity in adults: Etiology and natural history.Pi-Sunyer FX, Mulder JE (eds). Brethauer, S. A., Kim, J., El Chaar, M., Papasavas, P., Eisenberg, D., Rogers, A., ... Kothari, S. (2015). Standardized outcomes reporting in metabolic and bariatric surgery.Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases,11(3), 489-506. Canales, B. K., Hatch, M. (2014). Kidney stone incidence and metabolic urinary changes after modern bariatric surgery: review of clinical studies, experimental models, and prevention strategies.Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases,10(4), 734-742. Cummings, D. E., Cohen, R. V. (2016). Bariatric/metabolic surgery to treat type 2 diabetes in patients with a BMI 35 kg/m2.Diabetes Care,39(6), 924-933. DeMarco, V. G., Aroor, A. R., Sowers, J. R. (2014). The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,10(6), 364. Fuchs, T., Loureiro, M., Both, G. H., skraba, H. H., Costa-casagrande, T. A. (2017). The role of the sleeve gastrectomy and the management of type 2 diabetes.ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (So Paulo),30(4), 283-286. Goossens, G. H., Blaak, E. E. (2015). Adipose tissue dysfunction and impaired metabolic health in human obesity: a matter of oxygen?.Frontiers in endocrinology,6, 55. Gordon, M. (2014).Manual of nursing diagnosis. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Laquian, L., Scali, S. T., Beaver, T. M., Kubilis, P., Beck, A. W., Giles, K., ... Feezor, R. J. (2018). Outcomes of Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Acute Type B Dissection in Patients With Intractable Pain or Refractory Hypertension.Journal of Endovascular Therapy,25(2), 220-229. Lingam, S., Rani, P., Sheeladevi, S., Kotapati, V., Das, T. (2018). Knowledge, attitude and practices on diabetes, hypertension and diabetic retinopathy and the factors that motivate screening for diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a pyramidal model of eye health care.Rural and remote health,18(1), 4304-4304. Lycett, D., Nichols, L., Ryan, R., Farley, A., Roalfe, A., Mohammed, M. A., ... Aveyard, P. (2015). The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,3(6), 423-430. Mahajan, R., Lau, D. H., Sanders, P. (2015). Impact of obesity on cardiac metabolism, fibrosis, and function.Trends in cardiovascular medicine,25(2), 119-126. Oppenheimer, B. W., Berger, K. I., Segal, L. N., Stabile, A., Coles, K. D., Parikh, M., Goldring, R. M. (2014). Airway dysfunction in obesity: response to voluntary restoration of end expiratory lung volume.PLOS one,9(2), e88015. Papathanasiou, G., Georgakopoulos, D., Papageorgiou, E., Zerva, E., Michalis, L., Kalfakakou, V., Evangelou, A. (2013). Effects of smoking on heart rate at rest and during exercise, and on heart rate recovery, in young adults.Hellenic J Cardiol,54(3), 168-177. Ppin, J. L., Timsit, J. F., Tamisier, R., Borel, J. C., Lvy, P., Jaber, S. (2016). Prevention and care of respiratory failure in obese patients.The Lancet Respiratory medicine,4(5), 407-418. Reges, O., Greenland, P., Dicker, D., Leibowitz, M., Hoshen, M., Gofer, I., ... Balicer, R. D. (2018). Association of Bariatric Surgery Using Laparoscopic Banding, Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, or Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy vs Usual Care Obesity Management With All-Cause Mortality.Jama,319(3), 279-290. Saltiel, A. R., Olefsky, J. M. (2017). Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease.The Journal of clinical investigation,127(1), 1-4. Saunders, T. J., Chaput, J. P., Tremblay, M. S. (2014). Sedentary behaviour as an emerging risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases in children and youth.Canadian journal of diabetes,38(1), 53-61. Torti, J., Luig, T., Borowitz, M., Johnson, J. A., Sharma, A. M., Campbell-Scherer, D. L. (2017). The 5As team patient study: patient perspectives on the role of primary care in obesity management.BMC family practice,18(1), 19. Wolf, J., Drozdowski, J., Czechowicz, K., Winklewski, P. J., Jassem, E., Kara, T., ... Narkiewicz, K. (2016). Effect of beta-blocker therapy on heart rate response in patients with hypertension and newly diagnosed untreated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.International journal of cardiology,202, 67-72.

King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan free essay sample

Intro * Both Shakespeare’s Richard III and Al Pacino’s Looking for Richard both portray central values and ideas of the time. * The texts ideas are reflected by the context of the time. * Both texts written in different time periods meaning completely different contexts which shape the text. * Through Pacino’s hybrid style docudrama, he attempts to demystify Shakespeare’s Richard III, making it more accessible to the everyday person. Shakespeare shows the journey in Richard III of Richard himself on his dark quest to becoming king by both using his literary skills and performance to attain what he wants, ultimately being power. * Both texts use propaganda but whereas Shakespeare alludes to the Tudor Myth which is ingratiating himself to his patrons. Whereas Pacino is being more provocative. He is challenging the authority that the British literary world has over Shakespeare. * Both texts also use performance to connect ideas between the two Para 1- Richard III * Context War of the Roses – now that his house has won the battle. We will write a custom essay sample on King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wants to be king Tudor Myth – had to ingratiate to the Tudor house and uphold their reign. This too is one of Pacino’s main challenges as he is expressing an egalitarian society where all people and their views are equal as he speaks to various people on the street. However Shakespeare had to ingratiate his monarch, the Tudor House and ensure Tudor patronage. * Throughout the entire play, Shakespeare depicts Richard as a monstrous Machiavellian. Who Nicollo Machiavelli described in his book which was written in Shakespeare’s time is when a person may use craft or deceit in order to maintain or achieve power. Shakespeare presents Richard in this way as he was from the House York which is what the Tudors opposed when they first came to power. * Opening soliloquy – See Richards true character and his intentions in the play. Recognises himself in the play, â€Å"I am determined to prove a villain. † Metafiction shown. Richard feels that he needs to get into power to make up for him being â€Å"rudely stamped,† and â€Å"Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. † * Shakespeare exaggerates and devalues Richard in this manner to perpetuate the Tudor myth whilst demonising Richard, which institutes the Tudor reign as one of providence and divine sanctioning. Para 2 – looking for Richard * CHALLENGES Pacino isn’t challenging the actual information and ideas expressed in Richard III. But rather he is challenging the British literary world, and their belief that they hold all the knowledge to Shakespeare’s plays. He does this constantly throughout the entire film, showing scenes of British scholars where he has put them on the spot making them seem as if they don’t know anything. A great example of this is when he is interviewing Emrys Jones, a well-known Shakespeare academic and he is asked a question to which he responds, â€Å"I don’t really know the answer. Straight away the scene is cut and immediately followed by a different scene of Pacino explaining exactly what the British scholar couldn’t. The constant use of cutting and framing different scene helps Pacino not only challenge the British literary world by giving them the message that he and numerous other Americans which he interviewed o n the streets hold knowledge about Shakespeare. But also, the fact that he can make it into a film as well proves that they are wrong that the actor holds the power to. â€Å"You want to do it wiz your American accent? Shows jarring which stirs the audience’s image that Pacino can produce a successful version of the play. Pacino challenges not only this question, but the actual theory that Shakespeare put forward * REFLECTS – I do believe however that in this aspect of Looking for Richard, Pacino challenges the ideas more. In one scene of the play Pacino and Kimball travel to England and visit the house which Shakespeare grew up in, in hope that they would achieve some sort of epiphany of knowledge about the plays. Linking back to the point that the British believe they ‘own’ the knowledge on Shakespeare. However they find that they did not feel any epiphany or difference at all, proving again that the British do not hold all the power and knowledge over Shakespeare and his plays and that actors like himself can possibly hold more knowledge that the academics and scholars. Para 3 – Richard III – performance * Lady Anne scene – Richard turns from the monstrous Machiavellian character we see throughout most of the play, into a romantic wooer. He uses rhetorical language such as pathos to connect with her emotions which assists him in essentially ‘capturing’ Lady Anne. The fact that Richard had just killed her husband King Edward, with her still being with his coffin just makes Richard seem even more powerful as he still manages to pull Lady Anne into marrying him. Although in this scene Lady Anne proves to hold the knowledge of language too as there is constant stichomythia between the two characters through most of the scene but the line which best shows this is when Richard says â€Å"Bid me kill myself. I will do it. † And Lady Anne responds with â€Å"I have already. † Showing that she can be quite witty too, but not enough for Richard. Pacino shows his power of being director by taking out a lot of the stichomythia between Richard and Lady Anne which removes some of her agency, that causing Richard to seem more powerful, convincing and in control. Para 4 – Looking for Richard performance * CHALLENGES Penelope Allen shows the power of both the actor and method acting. It challenges the fact that women had no dominant rol e in society, whereas in this scene of Looking for Richard, we see her using method acting to get into character in rehearsal and raise her voice over all the other men and women in the room when she says, â€Å"If he were dead, what would betide on me? Pacino provides the point here that using performance to change into character, can allow women to be completely dominant over men in a modern society. * REFLECTS – Both Pacino and Shakespeare’s Richard both change character to essentially get what they want. Richard, wanting power to be king. Pacino wanting power over his film. Pacino, the star actor and also director of his own film, changes character various times throughout the film. One of the key scenes depicting his want for power is when he is being the actor and discussing a few lines in the play with his assistant director, Kimball and Pacino decides to completely change the script. â€Å"G of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. † Is what the line usually says. But Pacino changes it to, â€Å"C of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. † This gives Pacino the power as he now has control over both the film and its script. He changes this as he believes it will be easier for people to understand and ultimately once again make the play more ‘accessible’ for the audience.

Human Disease and Their Control Essays - Immunology, Immune System

Human Disease and Their Control Essays - Immunology, Immune System Human Disease and Their Control Biology (B3A) Assignment Human Disease and Their Control follow up questions 1a) When people refer to pathogens, they are talking about bacteria that cause disease. 1b)The toxins actually excreted by the pathogens are the main cause of diseases although thetoxins are only by-products of the pathogen's metabolism. 2a)In most cases, the toxins excreted by the pathogens find there way into the circulatory system. Thus, sometimes, the infection is caused somewhere else from where the toxins were excreted. An example of this would be Rheumatic fever. The toxins that cause this disease is excreted by the pathogen as a by-product of metabolism. Usually, the pathogens that cause rheumatic fever is located in the throat. As the toxins enter the circulatory system, it travels along the system and eventually causes an infection in the heart vavles. Yet another example of where the disease is in a different location then where the toxin was released is Dipheria. The pathogen that causes Diptheria is usually located in the throat. As the toxin is released, it travels all the way to affect limb muscles and the heart. 2b) Examples of where the disease is at the site of the bacteria could be Tetanus and Tuberculosis. The tetanus bacteria releases a deadly toxin which can affect the whole body which causes paralyzation. As it affects the whole body, the disease would most likely be caused at the location of the bacteria. This disease will not always paralyze your whole body but most of the time, it would paralyze your jawbone. Thus tetanus is also known as lockjaw. Tuberculosis as a disease that affects the lung cells. The tocins also affect the lung cells. Therefore, the pathogens for tuberculosis could be found near the site of disease. 3a) In our environment, we encounter all sorts of micros of air-borne pathogens that cause diseases are the ones that cause whooping cough, scarlet fever, and the mumps. 3b) An example for this kind of transmission would be the kind of pathogens found in feces. Typhoid fever is one of the kinds of diseases that are transmitted through water as these pathogens are found in feces. The feces released would sooner or later find its way back into drinking water. Then, as the pathogens enter the drinking water, they come out and just like float around until a new host comes. When the new host comes and drinks from the water source, the pathogens take this oppertunity to enter the host. Once the pathogens enter the body, the host would be infected. 4a) Besides transmitting disease through everyday drinking water and the air, another way of transmitting diseases are by contact. Chicken Pox and Small Pox are some of the many diseases that can be caused by contact. 4b) Veneral diseases like gonorrhea and syphilis can also be transmitted by contact. 5a) An example of a disease that can be transmitted if there is a wound would be our very familiar Tetanus. An example of how someone would acwuire tetanus from a wound would be like this: The construction worker moves around a lot and works very hard. Down on the floor is a tetanus infected nail. As the worker is too busy caring for his job, he accidently steps on the nail and gives the tetanus bacteria a chance to get into the body. The tetanus would be succesful from coming from the nail and going to the host. As the wound would close very quickly, this provides an oxygen free atmosphere in which the tetanus bacteria could start to get active. 6a) Immune carriers can be classified as those who have recovered from a certain disease and is immune to it, but still carries the pathogens. The immune carriers show no indecation of a disease with no symptoms, but this carrier can still trnasmit these pathogens to others. 6b) One major disease carrier is the Anthropod. They pick up the pathogens in their food, where they walk and other places. As they carry the disease, they move to other places either for food or shelter purposes. When they bite or sting other organisms, the disease is trnasmitted through the anthropod and infects a new

Contemporary Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Christianity - Essay Example The world is corrupt, and thus the church distances itself from the world in order to maintain and preserve its beliefs and practices. People should not condemn the church, but should otherwise embrace it and its new ways. There are those who enter the church with the pretence that they want to be redeemed. Such people fail to understand that the church is holy, and Christianity does not allow pretenders. A saying goes by, â€Å"pretenders are worse than murderers†. This is true in that pretending to be someone you are not makes one a deceiver. Those in the church should teach those who do not believe and have faith to do so, for Christianity does not mean that Christians’ lives come to a halt. Being a Christian means following in the teachings that Jesus taught, and by that it means attending services in his honor (Weaver and David, 187). The church should not separate itself from the world, but should instead show the world the right way. Christians have been guided by certain guidelines and traditions that they have followed from the past. These guidelines have been absorbed into their day to day lives that they have become part of their culture. Viewing Christians as people who cannot change their culture because of Christianity is judging them without knowing what they truly believe and trust in. Christianity by a way is political, since it has influence over a population and is respected by the number of its followers (Weaver and David, 212). It has its own hierarchy of leaders who control and manage the people. The difference between the Christianity and a political party is that the Christianity influences people to change their ways, leave their earthly possessions that cause them to do sin and follow Jesus Christ in search of salvation. It does not promise salvation or redemption, but there is a remuneration at the end. So much change has occurred in the world, and many things have embraced the change. But because Christians

ABC CPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ABC CPA - Essay Example The limitations of internal control system include the aspect that due to the cost effective nature of the control system certain non-effective but useful controls are emitted. The other limitations include the aspect that designing as well as establishing efficient internal controls can be quite a difficult task due to lack of knowledge of staff to operate such systems. Internal control system might not always reflect altered operating conditions (Gupta 100-200). Internal control system has certain procedures which are illustrated by the help of two examples. Firstly, the internal control system should be served with proper Information Technologies (IT). IT helps the auditors to control the account related entries correctly and reduces the risk of wrong or emitted entry. This is because IT assists to store the data correctly and the stored data can be simultaneously cross-checked, consequently allowing to rectify the faults and can recognize the missing entry. This internal control process can be implemented by ABC Company to its auditing department by providing IT related requirements such as computers and through proper mode of communication. Computers will help to store the transactions related to accounts and communication process will assist the auditors to collect all information and documents related to accounts within its premises (Sai, â€Å"Internal Control and Auditing In IT Environment†). The other example of internal control procedures is that handed over duties and liabilities should be familiar and communicated to employee properly by the company’s higher level officials. This procedure helps the management and the subordinates to plan and to work out the strategies sufficiently by which the objective of the specified task can be achieved efficiently. This procedure of internal control can be implemented by ABC Company through

Policy Brief #2 Poverty Alleviation and Microcredit Institutions Essay

Policy Brief #2 Poverty Alleviation and Microcredit Institutions - Essay Example As an example district kohistan of Pakistan had per capita annual income was hardly US $ 150.00 .The Micro finance bank of Pakistan (MFBP) came into this district in mid 1990s. The first thing the bank did was to get the consolidated reports of the ownership rights of the people over mountainous property of the people from the revenue department in order to determine the title of people. Then the MFBP issued passbooks to the people on the landed titles. The institution made small cooperative societies in every village of around 100- 200 households. MFBP advanced loans for the rehabilitation of scrub forest, indigenous poultry, sheep and goats and wherever possible dairy farming (MFBP 2006). The recoveries were affected through local headmen. Loans for tractors as carriage vehicle and bigger mechanical shops and gas stations were also sanctioned. By and large the response was positive. In early 2000 it was observed that the same district had shrub forest, developed shops, big poultry farm, and organized sheep and goat farms. The shops are looming on the roadside. There are hundreds of girls in the local private English medium schools by now. The banks recovery rates are 85-90 %. Potential i

Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group

Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group INTRODUCTION A companys growth can normally happen in one of the two ways. Organic or inorganic growth. Merger and acquisition mainly results from inorganic growth. In the early 1990s, there was a great increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry. Lloyds TSB has recently grown through a further acquisition. By acquiring HBOS (Halifax/Bank of Scotland) plc, the Lloyds Banking Group has become the largest retail bank in the UK. Around half of all people in the UK (30 million) now bank with the Lloyds Banking Group. The group has the largest branch network of any UK bank and 140,000 staff. The acquisition also means that the new group has a broader range of expertise with multiple brands under its banner. It is a more diverse business, with stronger market presence in areas such as mortgages, insurance, finance and investments. With refer to this merger and acquisitions hold major organizational behavior challenges such as Change of Human Resources Management, Culture, Conflict and change within the organizational for managers at various levels of the firms involved. This paper attempts to chronicle the acquisition of HBOS bank by Lloyds TSB bank that tried to create the UKs leading financial services group. Unlike previously written papers that describe the performance of the firm before and after the acquisition, this paper focuses on the human resources management, culture, conflict and change issues involved in the acquisition before and after the acquisition is completed. This paper tries to explain the organizational behavior of the acquired banks personnel and what their expectations, fears, hopes, and beliefs are before and after the transaction takes place. 1.0 Background of Lloyds TSB Group Lloyds TSB is a leading UK based financial services group providing a wide range of banking and financial services, primarily in the UK, to personal and corporate customers. The main business activities are retail, commercial and corporate banking, general insurance, and life, pensions and investment provision. The Group has a large and diversified customer base and services are offered through a number of well recognized brands (Lloyds TSB, Cheltenham Gloucester, Scottish Widows), and via a unique distribution capability comprising one of the largest branch networks in the UK and intermediary channels. On January 16, 2009, Lloyds Banking Group plc acquired HBOS plc. In November 2009, The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation completed the acquisition of Insight Investment Management Limited from the Company. Lloyds TSB Group is quoted on the London Stock Exchange and is one of the largest companies within the FTSE 100, with a market capitalization of  £26.7 billion on 31 December 2007. At the end of 2007 total group assets were  £353 billion and the Group has nearly 70,000 employees. Total income for the 12 months to 31 December 2007 was  £18 billion with profit before tax totaling  £4 billion. The group activities are organized into three businesses: UK Retail Banking, Insurance and Investments and Wholesale and International Banking. Question (i) 2.0 Human Resource Management Human Resources Management (HRM) can play a very important role in the success of HBOS merger. HRM is acting an important source of the input while evaluating whether to go ahead with a given merger or not. According to Carter McNamara The HRM function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. (Carter McNamara, 2009) 2.1Challenges faced by new organization 2.1.1HR policies HRM help in ensuring that the employees of acquired new organization remain motivated after the merger. According to the Fisher (1989), transfer of the HRM practices can be difficult in organizations with different cultures compared to transfer of other resources like technology, capital and others. But this does not deter the transfer of HRM practices. It is further important to differentiate between the requirements of various organizations and it is not necessary a uniform policy can be successful across the broad. After the merger, HR policies are directed focus at two directions. The first one, is to achieve integration and provide a good working environment through a good compensation policy and training programs. Secondly, the main objective of the HR policies is to meet broader objective like bringing about a culture change in the organization. According to Fisher (1989), immediately after merger there is focus to make the operations move profitability and productive, as a result to focus on restricting operations and cutting costs. One of the key tool applied is downsizing the workforce. So, new management uses merger an opportunity to implement some of the difficult decisions in both the acquired and acquirer organization. 2.1.2Changing new strategy The merger is essential to define new common strategies to align the new organization towards its new vision. According to Recklies (2001), the vision of the merged organization is one of the first issues to be addressed before merger stage of the process of the transaction. The Lloyds TSB is necessary to align the HRM strategy of the new organization with the MA strategy. According to Aguilera and Dencker (2004) the following conceptual tools have been used to identify the key HRM challenges in MA key: Resources- people and capital Processes- activities involved in converting inputs to output Values- employees mode of thinking Table 1: Comparison of various merger strategic based on certain conceptual tools in the new organization HR tools Overcapacity strategy Product/market Extension strategy Substitute to RD strategy Resources Reduce in manpower. Downsizing strategy is essential for achieving economic of scale. Reserve of manpower as the managers of the two organizations specializes in different function. Reserve of employees in order to facilitate sharing of technology and knowledge. Processes Processes are similar and not much changes are required. Processes are different and their integration is one of the key issues for the success in the merger. Training system can help in this regard. Processes of the participating organization are different and need to be aligned with the help of training to help on transfer of knowledge. Value Differences in values are not much different if the organization is operating in the same geography and market. Values are differences and should be integrated smoothly. Value is similar and can be aligned easily. 2.1.3 Structure issues Due to the acquisition with HBOS, this is an important decision to be made by HR during the integration of the merger is determination of the management structure. According to Anderson (1998), this is a decision that should be made as soon as the deal for the merger is signed by both the parties to avoid confusion among the manager about their roles in the new organization. A centralized structure with well defined relationships is necessary in order to enable quick decision making and accountability among the managers. Conflicts are likely to occur while designing the organizational structure due to the assignment of positions in the hierarchy. This can be prevented to certain extent by ensuring the managers from both the organizations are present in the different layers of the organization. The determination of the hierarchy of the organizations should be purely based on the merit. 2.1.4 Leadership issues After the merger, a new clear leadership will be appointed. These appointments are subject to formal FSA approval and will become effective upon the completion of the HBOS acquisition. (Source from Lloyds TSB press release) According to Sitkin and Pablo (2004), a clear leadership has a positive impact on the employees of the organization. Leadership includes the individual leader of the organization at the top and both the top management. According to De Georgio (2003), the management is likely to face the barriers while deciding the leaders of the organization: Lack of time Lack of information about candidates from the other organization Culture conflict Split in the differences in culture, the leader should be able to communicate the mission, values and vision of the organization successfully to the employees. 2.1.5 Downsizing and persisting key talent The merger usually results to redundant people. The objective of the new entity is to persist with the most capable person regardless of the original company they belong in. The process is not based on the objective measures and fairness it could change the attitude of employees towards the merger and employees may not look at it favorable. This will make employee focus on their personal job security and worries rather than on the larger organizational objectives. The management is reluctant to communicate with the employees of these issues in before merging stage. Any failure in the communication or vague communication will makes the employees uncertain about their career and future role in the organization. They may seek other information source like informal communication and rumors which has a very negative impact on their performance and also will increase the anxiety. The only way to solve this matter for the management is to open a frequent channel of communication with the employees. Regular and honest communication can stabilizing the effect on the employees. For more effective in the communication, the management should address the issues that are most relevant to the employee such as layoffs, compensation, change in benefits and change in responsibilities. 2.1.6 Culture integration issues The new organization will faced culture integration issue. Where, this is the toughest matter that companies face in merger is the two different cultures. According to Bowick who lead the HR through the HP-deal merger deal day its critical to get people speaking the same language. For instance, discovered the people at both organizations were using the term customer solution, but it meant different thing to each of them. In order to solve culture integration, HR management needs to be the first to identify the disconnexion and get discussion. The role of HR in the whole merger process has undergone changes in given the failures in number of deals that due to problems in cultural integration. (Bowick, 2002) The key role of the HR manager will face after merging phase is to identify the mission, vision, values and culture that the organization plan to implement. These activities of HR manager in the integration process is include the aligning and defining employees with the strategies vision, developing effective communication channel, integration philosophy, conflict management and defining uniform HR practices across the whole entity. The HR managers need to make a proper assessment of the new organizations culture. There is also a trend that the HR executive needs interviews with the senior management of the new organization to evaluate the leadership qualities. HR Executive also need to create a profile of the best practices of the organization and compare it with their own staff to identify similarities and differences. Besides that, HR executives also need to identify common points in the two culture from where they can base the whole process of the integration after the acquisition. 2.1.7 Conflict management Conflict is likely to occur almost the employees in the after merging phase. HR manager need to keep in place on conflict resolution and escalation plan. It is also responsible for organizing training the managers in conflict management. Conflict can often arise due to culture differences, control, structure, not clear demarcation of role and responsibilities, organizational hierarchy and miscommunication. Through these issue of conflict resolution will be part of the integration plan the HR should be ready for contingencies. Question (ii) 3.0 Culture Organization can be conduct in many ways such as culture, virtual, organism, brain, political system and so on. Organizational culture is the first issues that they need to consider to acquisition HBOS. Organization culture refers to the general culture within an organization, and is always also referred to as corporate culture, though that isnt the best description since a large non-profit organization or charity could also have its own organizational culture even though they are definitely not corporations. Gareth Morgan has described organizational culture as: The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. (Morgan, 1997) Figure 1- Ways of seeing an organization (2006 p.139 fig.5.4) Brooks claims there are many ways of seeing an organization. Organism Virtual Organizational is aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Brain Culture Political System Machine The Lloyds TSB takeover of HBOS is not only means merging of two different financial organizations but also an acquisition of two different cultures. The new management have to be ready to facing new challenges when the two organisations are merging. Bicultural audit is important for the merging of two organisations culture. This audit produces data for starting work platform, strategy required for successful merger. The three types are as follows: Identification of cultural gap- Is comparing the values, vision and management behaviour for both companies, this phase recognizes the gap. Analysis of cultural gap- This phase brings out the similarities and dissimilarities between the two organizational cultures. Culture bridging- Refer to the basis of the above two informations the data management team can start the bridging of culture process.(Bicultural Audit, by Richard Cook) 3.1 The Cultural perspective: According to Brooks I (2006 p.140) Culture and organization can be viewed as an iceberg, a metaphor which suggests you to see on the surface masks a much deeper, mystical and powerful reality. Lloyds TSB HBOS It seen that though Lloyds TSB, they have merged with many companies in previously, they were all similar culture so that the original culture of Lloyds TSB is still stayed undiluted. (Source: Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles) Lloyds TSB is based on Artifacts: Recruit talented people through tough selection procedure. Customer oriented. Employees rewarded on the basis of client satisfaction. Create framework for employee clear learning and future needs. Provide personal development programs for employees. Their Anglo-Scottish merger earlier between Halifax and Bank of Scotland however it seems have resulted in dilution of both cultures. (Source: Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles) HBOS is based on Values: Market savvy. Younger. Mortgage expertise. Rewards-oriented company. 3.2 Type of Culture between Lloyds TSB and HBOS Lloyds TSB HBOS Lloyds TSB is based on role cultured: Produce more output in good environment. Strong banking system. HBOS is based on task cultured: Focused on goals. Work in team. It seems there are cultural differences between Lloyds TSB and HBOS, due to these culture differences it can make misunderstandings, fuelled emotional reactions, and conflicts. This can conduct to negative attitudes by the key top managers and be a major obstacle to the successful integration of the two organizations. Cultural differences will appear to be a critical factor in creating such an atmosphere and obtaining peoples cooperation. Figure 2: As per Deal Kennedy Feedback-Rise Model: High Risk HBOS High Risk High Feedback Bet your company culture High Risk Lloyds TSB -Low Risk -High Feedback -Process driven culture Feedback High As per Hofstedes study model (Source: Social Responsibility Report 07/08) Lloyds TSB HBOS Power distance High-Disciplined Low-Acceptance of responsibility Uncertainty Avoidance High- Precision Low- Basic innovations Collectivism vs. Individualism High-Employee commitment Low- Management mobility Masculinity vs. Feminity High-Mass production, efficiency and bulk chemistry Low- Personal service, custom made products and biochemistry Long vs. Short term orientation High- Developing markets Low- Fast adaptation 4.0 Conflict Is process that begins when an organization or party perceives differences and opposition between itself and another organization or party about interest and resources, belief, values or practices that matter to them. According to Gareth R. Jones and Jennifer M. Georges, conflict is the discord that arises when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individuals or groups block or thwart one anothers attempts to achieve their objective. (Gareth R. Jones and M. George, 2008) 4.1 Positive of conflict 4.1.1 Clarification of view The Boards of HBOS and Lloyds TSB believe that the Acquisition is a compelling business combination which offers substantial benefits for shareholders and customers. There is a clarification of view in the Acquisition is accelerates to build the UKs leading financial services company by focusing on growing sustainable earnings streams, based on deep customer relationships. 4.1.2 A chance for people to test their capabilities The group has excellent breadth and balance with strong positions in Retail, Corporate Banking, SME Business Banking and Long Term Savings. The group will have a substantial direct personal customer base and the means to unlock the significant commercial opportunities offered by Lloyds TSBs and HBOSs. The combined group will benefit from a portfolio of strong and trusted brands including Bank of Scotland, Halifax, CG and Scottish Widows. With these strong trusted brands, customers have more confident to choices or try the different products that the new organization offers. 4.1.3 Long-standing problems brought to the surface and resolved Normally, cost synergies savings are always a long-term issues for organization to solve, with the merger with HBOS will lead to an additional contribution to earnings before tax from cost synergies significantly in excess of  £1 billion per year. 4.1.4 To produce better idea The Acquisition brings together two of the leading retailers in UK financial services, with strengths in customer relationship management, product design, branch sales processes and in telephone and internet banking through gain sustainability competitive advantage in banking industry. 4.2 Conflict comparison between Lloyds and HBOS 4.2.1 Differences in perception Lloyds TSB Remains to grow the business through developing long-term customer relationships and building customer franchise. HBOS Delivering growth in profits to its many shareholders and transparent, fair, value-for-money products and services to its customers. Positive Argument Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information to achieve the organizational goals. The important of perception is to find innovative solution for the problems, to leverage creativity and motivation the higher plateau of thinking, to help of perception, habits and attitudes will get changed and can find solution the most difficult problems. Negative Argument Lloyds TSB and HBOS may have different motives on perception going such as increasing market share, achieving economic of scale, entering new market, acquiring new technologies, warding off threats of hostile takeover and diversification. Different perception might cause the failure in Merging. 4.2.2 The Nature of work activities Lloyds TSB HBOS Its main business activities are Retail Commercial and corporate banking General insurance and life Pensions and investment provision. The HBOS Groups products and services can be categorized into the following business divisions: Retail Corporate Insurance Investment Strategy International Treasury and Asset Management. Positive Argument The merge of Lloyds TSB and HBOS were similar nature of working activities so there is no much changes of the organizations business or activities. In might change in the staffs working activities such as changing department, office and so on. With this change, staffs will beneficial in changing new working environment where some of the staff had feel bored, inefficiency with the current position. Secondly, staffs are able to learn new skills in the new working place. Negative Argument Change nature of activities will change characteristics, beliefs, values, and expectations. Some of the staff will have demanding in the salaries, position, rewards and so on. Besides that, changes a persons nature of working activities might waste time because the person might not have the skills or confident with the department they change it need to take time to learn. 4.2.3 Role Conflict Lloyds TSB HBOS And despite its black horse logo, Lloyds TSB is more of an old nag, following the market and paying poor rates to long-standing customers. Lloyds TSB, on the other hand, markets decent-sounding accounts to new savers but then closes them, often paying dreadful rates of interest to those still stuck in them. In Lloyds TSBs subsidiary Cheltenham Gloucester has complicated accounts which dock interest when you take money out or limit you to a certain number of withdrawals a year from an easy access account. Halifax has a reputation as an innovator when it comes to savings accounts its behavior can still hark back to its building society roots as it balances the interest of savers and borrowers. For instance, Halifax was among the first to offer a regular savings account paying a top rate of interest. Halifax makes a great effort to persuade its savers to move from old accounts to better-paying ones, and has been a leader in trying to reunite savers with old, forgotten accounts. Positive Argument: Role is an important process functional in an organization. May increase efficiency in process and product and services and gain competitive advantage in banking industry. Negative Argument Changes in role for both organizations will have negative impact such as inefficiency structure, lack process, take longer time than previously, and change in new rules and regulation and so on. 4.2.4 Departmentalism and specialization Lloyds TSB HBOS Lloyds TSB Corporate Markets is one of the UKs leading providers of corporate banking, supporting businesses with an annual turnover in excess of  £15m. We provide specialized financing to a range of industry sectors. Some of these services include: Cash management and payments, Foreign exchange and risk management, Loans and bonds, Trade finance, Structured investments. It is about integrating business activities so that HBOS acts as a good corporate citizen and meets the expectations of its stakeholders: colleagues, customers, shareholders, Government, the media and society. Included amongst the activities that HBOS aim to integrate are: Marketplace products, financial literacy, inclusion promoting the interests of shareholders and customers; dealing fairly with suppliers. Employment total reward, diversity, wellbeing how HBOS aim to attract and retain the best workforce. Community community investment, volunteering, sponsorship how HBOS manage our relationship with society in general. Environment responsible resource stewardship, etc. managing organizational environmental impacts effectively. Positive Argument: Departmentalism and specialization is a structures and the performance of the respective firms. By working in departmentalism and specialization, the staff in Lloyds TSB and HBOS are able to work efficiently through their skills, knowledge, professional and interest. Negative Argument Failure on departmentalism and specialization, the organization will not perform well, loss on business profit, lack of efficient, organization collapse, in a mess daily function and so on. 4.2.5 Limited Resources Lloyds TSB HBOS Branches: 1,900 Employees: 70,000 Customers: 16 million Savings: Lloyds is the UKs fourth largest saving provider. Retail saving balance:  £65 billion Revenue:  £18 billion (2007) Profit:  £4 billion (2007) Branches: 1,100 Employees: 72,000 Customers: 22 million Savings: HBOS is the market leader Retail saving balance: £139 billion Revenue:  £21,291 million (2007) Operating income:  £5,149 million (2007) Profit:  £4,109 million (2007) Positive Argument Mergers and acquisitions generally succeed in generating cost efficiency through the implementation of economies of scale. It may also lead to tax gains and can even lead to a revenue enhancement through market share gain. With refer to the acquisition; Lloyds TSB could achieve cost saving from the  £1.5 billion a year. Negative Argument In order to achieving revenue and cost synergies, Lloyds TSB and HBOS will face the conflict problems such as reduces 20,000 redundant staff, 164 branches network to close. 4.3 Conflict challenges faced between Lloyds TSB and HBOS are as follows: Lloyds TSB HBOS Job insecurity due to recession Financial crises in the market Searching for new investors Quick decision on merging with HBOS Financial crisis Fund raising from the whole sale market Misleading interview Clearing the picture about the organization 5.0Nature of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOS Is refers to the overall nature of activities, such as their extent and rate, that occurs during acquisition that aims to enhance the overall performance of the organization. The activities are often led by a change agent, or person currently responsible to guide the overall change effort. The activities are often project-oriented and geared to address a current overall problem or goal in the organization. Besides that, organizational change also involve in external and internal environment of an organization is in a state of constant change. The organization has to re-adjust itself to this changing scenario in order to sustain competitive advantage in the market. 5.1 External forces of change External forces of change create from outside the organization. This is because these forces have global effects; they may cause an organization to question the essence of what business it is in and the process by which products and services are produced. There are four key external forces for change such as: demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes, and social and political pressures. 5.2 Internal force to change Internal forces to change are come from inside the organization. These forces may be subtle, such as low morale, or can manifest in outward signs, such as low productivity and conflict. Internal forces for change also come from both human resource issues and managerial behavior. 5.2.1Human Resource issues This issues stem from employee perceptions about how they are treated at job and the match between individual and organization needs and desires. 5.2.2Managerial Behavior Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed. Both the manager and the employee may need interpersonal skills training, or the two individuals may simply need to be separated. 5.3 The stage of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOS According to Robbins (2003), a well-known approach to managing change, that requires people to go through three separate processes, is called Lewins Three-Step Change Model. Lewin developed the threeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœstage model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The three stages are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (p. 564). Figure 3: Movement of an organization from a status quo to a desired state The first transition step is unfreezing, requires a personnel to say goodbye to the way things used to be. The managers must understand that their employees are being asked to give up tasks and processes that have made their previous successful in the past and all the emotional and resistance factors will kick in if enough time is not allotted for this step. The second step is movement, when everyone shifts into neutral. The employees in the organization may have given up their old ways of accomplishing tasks, but they may not quite ready to start using the new process. Employees may seem a slight uncomfortable and there is often confusion. Managers have to manage movement step carefully if not the staffs may try to revert back to the old process. A comparison for unfreezing and movement differences is provided at below. The final step is refreezing, when everyone moves forward and starts accomplishing tasks in the new manner. Again, the great care must be taken when managing this st ep to identify resistance and prevent personnel from going back to the original process. Figure 4: The differences between unfreezing and movement Table: (a) An organization before the change; the Change Group is inactive (b) O Nanotechnology: An overview Nanotechnology: An overview Abstract Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. ‘Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf, term strickly for size and not chemical composition. According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin. Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine. These help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine. Another study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles is Nanotoxicity. This later one depends in the future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies. The communication between different areas in science to aid in the study of nanoparticles risk assessment, and toxicology. There are international efforts to study nanotoxicology. Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. The Amara Law is an advice to that as time pass when humans use the nanotechnology there increase in nanowaste. The interactions between nanoparticles and harmful environmental chemicals may lead to unique exposures and health risks. The research should focus in the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment. Therefore t here are developing laws to be applied for better research the better risk assessment. Regulations for efficiently develop useful and well-planned studies, and future recommendations to manage nanowaste. Nanotechnology is an applied science, growing by the creation of nanoconstructs and the presence of nanoparticles. This derived from nanoscience that is the science of the usage of materials in the nanometer scale. Nanoscience and nanotechnology developing areas of scientific interest in the entire world and have already become key for research and development (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. According to Richard Feynman, â€Å"Theres Plenty of Room at t the Bottom,† a presentation that is possible to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular scales (Hardman R. 2006). Nanoparticles are nanotechnology products, these accumulate creating waste. Nanoparticles are necessary for new medical advances. Studies are currently being done as a result of their impact to the environment. Therefore another subsection of nanotechnology emerges nanotoxicology. There is high demand for studies in risk assessmen t have led to cross communication among physical science and biological science scientists, and recent laws and regulations regarding these small particles. These nanomaterials have novel properties, and a great potential in becoming biologically active, that can lead to a environmental contamination (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Nanotechnology the enabling technology, that involves materials at the nanoscale. ‘Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The term Nano is strickly to size and not chemical composition in terms of nanoparticles (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin (Moreira S et al. 2009 ) , (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009),( Bà ©ruBà © K et al. 2007),(Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Because of the small size these particles are toxic, as a result of their greater surface area. Their toxicity of remains widely unknown and still poses concerns, due to the peculiar characteristics of materials in the nano-size range (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). The most common nanoparticles present in the environment are combustion derived nanoparticles, from an anthropogenic source (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). Nanoparticles are incorporated in many products from pharmaceuticals to catalysts. As an example, in 2 002 an indium tin oxide nanopowder manufacturing facility was launched by Samsung, used in the production of flat panel displays based on liquid crystals. Therefore the silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes now have the widest range of applications (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Balbus J et al. 2007). The expansion of the nanotechnology, resulted in further classification of nanoparticles in size, shape, charge, chemistry, coating and solubility (Elliott KC. 2007). Some examples of nanoconstructs are carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon derivative, quantum dots, and manufactured nanoparticles. Fullerene NanoCarbon60: Started since 1985 these are composed of 60 carbon atoms named Buckyballs o fullerenes, this discovery from Buckminster Fuller (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanoparticle induces lipid peroxidation, this according to a study in fish. The investigation included that it also induces oxidative stress, and upregulate genes related to the inflammatory response and metabolism, and that nanoC60 releases oxyradicals in in vitro systems, or act as an oxyradical scavenger (Zhu S et al. 2006). These carbon materials including nanotubes are popular in consumer products since 2006 according to the Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes and Asbestos: Started since 1991, these were synthesized, found to be 100 times stronger than steel. The unusual heat and conductivity characteristics of the nanotubes are important to further developing of new technology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Both asbestos and carbon nanotubes are consider to have major carcinogenic potential, they both act as needles to the cell membranes and cell walls (Moreira S et al. 2009). The asbestos fibers split lengthwise been in a size smaller than the nanosized particles. Quantum Dots QD: These are the semiconductor nanocrystals with special properties applied in biomedical imaging and electronics industries. Because some these have fluorescent properties for biomedical imaging, also there are targets specific biologic events and cellular structures, such as peroxisomes, DNA and cell membrane receptors (Hardman R. 2006). This aids drug delivery and the advance in nanomedicine. For example, Nano selenium is one of the major components of Quantum Dots outer covering, there is a study in Makala Fish that studies the concentrations of micro and nano selenium in the Liver and Muscle. However the compound of selenium such as Sodiumselenite, Selenomethinine, and methylselenocysteine have greater toxicity impact than elemental nanoselenium(Li H et al. 2008). Then nanoparticles had a greater coverage. Manufactured Nanoparticles -Titanium Dioxide and Silver Nanoparticles: Silver particles are use in fridges to avoid growth of saprophytic bacteria and fungi. These particles behave as copper nanoparticles, these nano-biocides can become even cheaper in the next few years. Another nano-biocide is titanium dioxide used to protect glazing. There are studies that focus in Titanium Dioxide.These nanomaterials have greater access to the micrometer size pores in plants since nanoparticles have a greater possibility of fitting through micropores, then this allows an accumulation in the xylem structure, eventually blocking the continuity and disturbing or destroying the function of the xylem (Seeger EM 2009). The willow tree study presented that before the nanoparticles get through the xylem pores, there is some sedimentation then blocking the passage through the micropores (Seeger EM 2009). Consequently, more studies are required this TiO2 is in contact with humans through the sunscreen, acc ording to a british study done in 1997; contribute to the formation of free radicals in skin cells and in this way damage DNA. This can result in mutations further leading to modifications of the structure and function of proteins (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Combustion Derived Nanoparticles CDNP: Nanoparticles area a threat when inhaled, because of the large surface area they are linked to health effects and respiratory toxicity h. These combustion-derived nanoparticles are thought to be the most potent component of the air pollution cocktail (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Elliott KC. 2007). Their toxicology is used to predict the health outcomes in humans following exposure to manufactured nanoparticles, there is necessary to understand the toxicity to reduce occupational and environmental exposure (Bà ©ruBà © K et al. 2007). These emissions are considered to be carbon based aerosols nanoparticles as a result of incomplete combustion, as well as lead compounds. Because of these cars are equipped with catalysts, a couple of years ago platinum nanoparticles, with dimensions in the range 0.8-10 nm, are released from car catalysts during their life-time. Then newer catalysts were introduced by pioneering company M azda. Not long ago is found that additions to fuel of Aluminium or Aluminium Trioxide nanoparticles, aids to the fuel properties (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The detrimental health effects of inhaling fine aerosols were recognised as early as the 4th century BC (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Since this being acknowledge various attempts to minimize exposure have been done. These particle size of aerosols are known to influence the deposition region in the lungs and translocation potential to the organs, e.g. the inhalable fraction (which can enter the respiratory tract), the thoracic fraction (capable of penetration to the airways below the larynx, smaller than 10 lm) and the respirable fraction (particles smaller than 4 lm) penetratingbeyond the ciliated airways to the gas exchange region of the lung (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Regular particles affect upper respiratory tract, fine particles affect lower respiratory tract, and ultrafine particles or nanoparticles affect distal respiratory tract. The nanoparticles get stuck to the alveoli and cause problems. †Current and historical epidemiological and toxicological investigations with airborne nanoparticles are viewed as the pioneering nanoparticle for the expansion nanotoxicology, the major portal of entry into the human body for nanoparticles is via inhalation into the respiratory system† (Bà ©ruBà © K, et al 2007). Nanoparticles come in contact with the skin, then transported to the lymph nodes, then most are excreted via feces. Other ways for these tiny particles to get in are by blood circulation then these end up in the liver, and from there are distributed throughout every organ in the living organisms (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Li C et al. 2009) . The skin is the great barrier against the nanoparticles for the new medicine the only way the particles enter the body effectively is through injection, for rapid release. The nanomaterials develop for medicinal purposes have been under development for many years. Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine, these help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007). Some of the nanomedicines have a combination of properties for example a useful combination of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity so that they have some solubility in an aqueous environment, but are sufficiently hydrophobic to partition through membranes. These properties mean that they distribute all over the body fairly rapidly via the circulation and by diffusion through tissues and cells (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006) , (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Nanomedicines must be well tested before they enter in the hands of consumers. These enter the environment and have ecotoxicological effects therefore a new subsection of Nanoscience have emerged Nanotoxicology. The study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles, or simply Nanotoxicity. This is more complicated than expected, therefore there is a great need for further investigation for fundamental research and practical applications of nanomaterials. Therefore, further supportive and extensive researches are warranted; the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties (e.g. size, shape, surface chemistry, composition, and aggregation) of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses (Moreira S et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Hardman R. 2006). Nanotoxicological research is in its infancy and the implementation of test standards and commercialisation of appropriate safety control systems can take several years (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009) . The future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies, and conventional knowledge about exposure assessment, fate and transport, and current computer models is not necessarily applicable to nanoparticles(Balbus J et al. 2007), (Elliott KC. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The improved study methods for rapid testing and efficient nanotoxicity assessments. Because there is a need to study the potential of nanoparticles to carry toxic chemicals that are man made or those found in the environment. For example fullerenes or nanoCarbon60 is a major threat to marine or aqu atic ecosystems, these particles are insoluble in water (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . This C60 is mixed with Tetrahydrofuran that is use as a vehicle solvent. The combination generates a yellowish adjacent C60. This is the main reason why there is potential that toxicity result from the presence of THF in between the adjacent nanoC60 and THF degradation products (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). There is a need for more research other than the traditional invitro using tissue samples but the actual use of in vivo organisms to study the life cycle of nanoparticles. The In vitro toxicity assessment faster, cheap, and minimum ethical concers. In another hand, in vivo life cycle is accurate in assessing nanotoxicity. This life cycle study is base in the different characterizations of the nanoparticles, and relation with the environment where exposed (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). The nanoparticles have an important role in driving cellular responses related to oxidative stress, so extracellular levels should also be considered (Elliott KC. 2007), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore, new studies permit the mapping the effect of the toxicity of nanostructure, allowing for the development of predictive models of nanostructure toxicity. However, because of ethical regulations the transition animal to humans still far, as a result of ethical laws and regulations regarding human testing, if allowed nanotoxicology could greatly improve the degree of confidence on the safety of nanomaterials for diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies in humans (Bregoli L et al. 2009) . Further studies lead to required information so responsible regulatory decisions could be made. Despite this increase in the prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, the field of nanotoxicology has formed in response to this lack of information to be applied when conducting research studies (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). Nanotoxicology is dependent of analytical methods for future classifications of nanomaterials as well as their effects on in vitro and in vivo studies (Marquis B et al. 2009). Moreover, there is currently a small amount of investigation dealing with the impact of toxicity of nanoparticles. There is a future focus on nanoparticles toxicity in the molecular level leading to cellul ar oxidative stress. The technology boom raises an important question: what is being done to address the environmental risks associated with nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006). So Nanotoxicologists could build a program to promote a safe and profitable nanotechnology (Elliott KC. 2007). The promotion of safe nanotoxicology started by a specific sub classification of nanoparticles, for example Quatum Dots. These are sub classified by inherent physical, and chemical properties, and environmental impact; the particle size, functional groups, and oxidative properties to establish the toxicity (Hardman R. 2006). The safe nanotechnology is achieve by following the main causes of nanoparticle toxicity (1) Due to chemical toxicity of materials from which they have been made. (2) Due to their small size: nanoparticles may stick to cellular membranes and enter the cells. (3) Due to their shape: e.g. carbon nanotubes can easily pierce cell membrane (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). According to Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. in 2007, acknowledge that by June 2005 the International Standard Organization launched a Nanotechnology Committee, that focus in the standardization of the nanotechnologies. In the past there were early warnings against the effects of manufactured nanoparticles from commercial products and new-generation-waste. Therefore new studies are necessary for the recognition of biological effects of nanoparticles in the environment, and creation of the bases of nanobiomonitoring (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanomonitoring must be started before the Nanowaste accumulation that will be present in the near future and reduce ecotoxicological problems. There is a high demand for the appropriated risk assessment, this affecting global organizations in order to protect both their staff, clients, and customers. However, a cross disciplinary communication is required, this in the collaboration of researchers from different disciplines. For example communication between physical chemists that have knowledge in classification of materials, biologist with knowledge of the ecosystems and biological systems, and toxicologist to merge both skills to study the toxicity of these nanomaterials (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). For example analytical chemists in nanotoxicology, help in the classifications of future nanomaterials and particles. Some of their techniques are electron microscopy, this helps to study the accumulation of bioparticles(Marquis B et al. 2009).Then nanotoxicologist benefit from the intergration of both physical and biological sciences. The toxicologists discover that analytical chemists can develop assays that are both sensitive and selective for any species or cell function affected by nanoparticles(Wittmaack K. 2007). There are many scientific disciplines working together to study nanoparticles and their toxicology. Efforts have been internationally for a better assessment with two main groups International Council on Nanotechnology, and the International Organization for Standardization (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. Since 1990, there is a high implementation of nanotechnologies (Piotrowska G et al. 2009) . The uses of nanotechnology products, these are used in electronics and cosmetics. As an comparative measurement, to consider is that in two grams of 100 nm nanoparticles contains enough to give every human a generous amount of these particles (Hardman R. 2006). There is a beneficial aspect by working with nanoscale technologies, expected to have heavy impact in diverse industries and areas of society like medicine, plastic, energy, electronics, aerospace, and emerging fields. According to Piotrowska G et al. 2009, there is a law imposed by Roy Amara the president of the Institute for the Future, â€Å"Nanoparticles benefits might be overestimated in the short run, and their effects in the long run such as the accumulation of nanowaste might be underestimated. The short term effects are the benefits of the new technology, nanomaterials, and usages of Nanoparticles, no nanowaste present. The long term effects are those that prove to be detrimental to the environment and increase the nanomaterials toxicity. For example time of nanotechnology usage increase Nanowaste increases toxicity. The interactions between nanoparticles and the environmental leads to harmful exposures for the affected ecosystem and living organisms (Balbus J et al. 2007) . As a result of increase in nanowaste. According to the Amara Law, this materials will be around and living organisms exposure is ensure and likely to increase over time (Hardman R. 2006). We must study the physicochem ical properties the research should focus on in vivo systems. Nanoconstructs interactions are important to take in consideration for future studies, there is the interactions of biological components such as proteins and cells organelles; that will give clues for the study of the nanocompounds biodistribution. This is important to understand because is the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment to then give specific laws (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is still a small amount of data regarding the handeling of discarded nanomaterials. Since there is a high demand for research, there is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which launched an initiative to test human health and environmental safety of those nanomaterials that are already in use and the nanomaterials that may be developed in the forthcoming years. Consequently the greater amount of research the better risk assessment, therefore is beneficial to study nanoparticles potential impacts on environmental health and safety (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). There is potential risk on environmental, health, and safety; with these new technology applied in commercialized products. As an example, in the usage of a glass and bathroom sealant spray Magic Nano, led to hospitalization of an aerosol industry (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is a high demand for nanotechnological research, these companies should focus in the appropriate toxicology and ecotoxicology for all nanoenabled products. The ecotoxicological hazard is that the nanoparticled accumulate in the soil, air, and surface water. There they last for a long time to be taken up by biological organisms, because they undergo biodegradation or bioaccumulate in the food chain (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency there are nanoparticles contained in cosmetics, such as sunscreens can contaminate water and soil, contributing to their bioaccumulation in the food chain (Friedrichs S, and Sch ulte J. 2007),, (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Elliott KC. 2007). In addition, this agency works closely with the Toxic Substances Control Act to study the toxicity of nanomaterials. The effects of carbon nanotubes are detrimental to humans and other living things, greater than any other nanoparticle (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes cause necrosis, degeneration, and apoptosis in the animal and plant cells. These nanoparticles are less biodegradable, and they have a lipophilic property making them easy to cross the cell membrane. Such properties may be associated with a tendency of carbon nanotubes to bioaccumulate (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). . Legal regulations are highly important issues, regarding nanowastes need to be regulated, following the life cycle of the remnants of the nanomaterials. This approach takes the stages of nanomaterials from production, through use, to disposal, which should avoid making the nanowaste problem a legacy of nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This is an improvement after half a decade after the introduction of nanoparticles in manufacturing industries, known as the Life Cycle Assessment. Therefore, the companies working with nanotechnologies should keep up-to-date with information about the toxicological studies relevant to their area of RD. (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Currently many international institutions are collecting results regarding nanomaterials. Since all this collection of results proves beneficial since these toxicological and ecotoxicological studies on nanomaterials effect to the environment and health are expensive and have a gr eat deal of length. This iniciative is known as ICON International Council of Nanotechnology. The University of California, has provided some surveys and research, to this international collection of nanomaterials research, this includes the Safety of Nano-Materials Interdisciplinary Research Centre, which conducts toxicological and epidemiological studies (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007).There is plenty room for further reaseach. Conclusion and Recommendations Nanotechnology an emerging science, from anthropogenic and natural sources for example ash from volcanoes. Other natural occurring nanoparticles biogenic magnetite, from bacteria to protozoa to animals; this associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As nanomaterials are used for manufacture industries, there is a need for accurate, and responsible nanotoxicological evaluation. Resources and funding for the study should be from government and pioneering industries. The studies will further help to sort and create regulations for risk evaluations, this information should be influenced from previous research studies (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The research on nanotechnology products is necessary to study adverse effects of the engineer nanomaterials to living organisms and the environment. Nanotoxicology is a challenge for research because of different exposure conditions, and biodistribution. This is the movements of materials th rough tissue, and organisms. As of now, there should be more rules for standardized testing for the assessment of toxicity of the nanomaterials. According to National Toxicology program of 2005 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 2003, these have harmful side effects that affect different biological systems and they have a novel properties and risk of exposures is inevitable becoming a concern for humans and the environment (Hardman R. 2006) , (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). A major recommendation, other than more funding and advance research in ecotoxicology and nanotoxicology, is the recycling of nanowaste. This recycling proves beneficial in the reduction of nanowaste independently of the time increase and nanowaste increase direct relationship. This recycling needs segregation of used nanoproducts, making them available for future use, in new products. These products if not possible to be recycled bioutilization is need to be used. For example, some species of plants and fungi are hyperaccumulators of heavy metals. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals, radionuclides and other xenobiotics by plants, fungi and microorganisms (e.g. fitoand mycoextraction or biodegradation) is a convenient way of remediation of polluted soils, water and air (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Finally, the emerging development of nanotechnology needs a better reaserch and knowledge in how to bioutilise or recycle the nanowaste.