Hiring Outsiders Essay

This is why companies look to hire people from the outside. They do this because they are looking with people who will bring unique skills to the company. Also, it can give the company new ideas and new energy for the work place. The article states that â€Å"the thought processes are common among workers and bosses, and  a new study  shows how they play out. The study, by  Matthew Bidwell, an assistant management professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, found that external hires, on average, make around 18 percent more money than internal employees with similar positions. I found this statement to be a very interesting point when it comes to the debate on whether or not to hire or not from the outside. It definitely shows that the numbers are better for profit, so that is definitely a big positive when it comes down to the question for managers who ask should they hire externally? However, later on in the article it states that in that same study, th ey perform less well in the first two years and are also more likely to leave or be let go. This is why companies don’t hire from the outside, because it takes to long for the employees to get use to the company they were hired at, rather then the one they were doing well at previously, this is one con of hiring from the outside. There are many other disadvantages about hiring from the outside as well. One of these factors would be it increases the chances of the work place morality to drop. What I mean by this is that if the people in the work place of the current company they are at hire other people for positions they are qualified for, this would possibly tick people within the company ff, and maybe even question those people if they should stay with the company or not. I remember you gave an example in class about how you were brought in for a company and one employee even confronted you and said how you took his job. This can definitely make the work place very uncomfortable for employees at the job. Just because a person did good at their current job does not mean they will automatically do good for the new company that hires them. The new employee will have to adapt to the new culture of the company and this can be very hard for new employees. Also, giving employees a chance to be promoted if they work hard is a benefit of hiring from the inside. This incentive definitely gives people something to work hard for and try to earn. I know for me, I don’t want to switch jobs a lot and if I were working at a place I would love the opportunity to keep moving up in the company if I was working hard. The article talks about how people within the company know the â€Å"do’s and don’ts of the company. † New people that companies bring in are unaware of what to do in certain situations and probably don’t have a very good idea of what the company is about compared to people that work within company. I definitely understand about what companies are trying to do from the outside, but some companies are blind to the fact that it will take a while for the new employees to gel in with everyone and the work place of the company. Overall, of course there is many benefits that include hiring from the outside, which include fresh skills and ideas. But the article states that Professor Groysberg says employers need to be much more strategic about hiring so that the organization has the right mix of old and new. This is a very important statement due to the fact that a company must decide is it really important that they absolutely need someone from the outside rather than someone who is already working there already? For employees that put in their two weeks because they are unhappy with the company hiring from the outside, the article has a very good solution for this. In the last meeting, it is important to ask what can we do to keep you here. Most of the time, people will say a raise. A good answer to this question would be we understand you want that but we don’t know if that’s possible, what else can we offer to you that is important to you? Answers like these will definitely help people from quitting to staying at the company.

Life of a Military Child Essay

It is often stated that soldiers who fight for our country make several sacrifices. While many have made the ultimate sacrifice, there are many more people who are affected by their service than just themselves. Children that belong to parents that have served or have parents currently serving are forced to overcome many obstacles. Not only are they forced to spend large amounts of time separated from their parent/parents, but they are forced to also move and adjust to unexpected changes frequently with no warning. Whether it is ever made known or not, when a solider enlists into any branch of the military, their family enlists as well, and just as they make a sacrifice so does their children. They often sacrifice time bonding with their parents, convenience of stability, and sometimes their wants and needs. Children that belong to a parent that have served or parents that are serving are forced to overcome many obstacles. Military children must adjust to a new life when their parents are away. Sometimes it’s their mother, sometimes it’s their father, but there are many cases where there are both parents away at the same time. The children are separated for various reasons to include their parents going to the field for weeks at a time, and sometimes they are sent overseas on dangerous deployments for up to 15 months at a time. Those children spend a great deal of days and nights worrying and wishing they could see and spend time with their parents. Soldiers are also sometimes sent on hardship permanent changes of station where they aren’t allowed to take their family members for up to 1 year. Almost daily military children are forced to wake up early and go to bed late because their parents work from 6:30 in the morning to after 5:00 in the evening. Military children are also forced to move around a lot. A soldier can receive orders to relocate within a 3 to 6 month window of reporting. Many times they do not have an option so they can be sent anywhere in the world. They could go from the east coast to the west coast or even overseas to Germany or Japan. When soldiers receive their PCS (Permanent Change of Station) Orders, the children are usually uprooted, and they may have to frequently adjust to new people and schools. Because these changes can occur every 2 to 3 years, many times the children are greatly affected because they have to make new friends everywhere they go only to possibly leave those friends and lose contact when the next orders are released. Although military children endure many changes throughout their parents’ time in the service they have many positive attributes because of those constant changes. Most military children are very flexible and adjust very well to change. They are also very well rounded and are usually more outgoing because they meet new people very frequently. What can also sometimes happen however is that they can have separation anxiety and possibly get into more trouble because of the constant changes. Many times the situation can go either way. It is always up to the parent however to do everything that they possibly can to make the child’s life as comfortable as possible and to keep an open relationship when dealing with the affects of being a military child. Although military children sometimes endure a great amount of transitions they have proven to be very successful in life regardless of their childhoods and they usually look back and appreciate their time spent in many different locations.

No Child Left behind Policy Review Essay

The No Child Left behind Act, referred to as NCLB was signed into law on January 8th, 2002 during the Bush Administration and was heralded with bipartisan support. It boosted educational spending by the Federal government by approximately 40%. (Carleton University 2008) NCLB’s goal was to attempt to remedy the problem of lack of accountability and school achievement throughout the nation. It was considered a revision of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Educational Act. The aim of the Law is to close the achievement gap and skills between advantaged and disadvantaged students. The government identified a lack of set standards and testing requirements across the country. Some schools were consistently failing to meet the state standards and the students were subjected to that school’s poor performance due to the location of their residence and school boundaries. Parents were left with no choice or alternative nor recourse to transfer their child from a dangerous or poor performing school to a safer or academically successful school. Lack of local and state control over educational funding and programs implemented and used caused inconsistency among school districts throughout the states. Due to budgetary constraints certain schools, usually in disadvantaged areas, fell below the minimum standards with little hope for change. As well, lack of academic accountability on the local and state level was identified as an overwhelming problem that needed to be addressed. The No Child Left behind Law proposes to close the achievement gap between the advantaged and disadvantaged students. Also it aims to target reading skills and gain proficiency by the end of the 3rd grade and for graduates of high school also to reach a certain level of proficiency in all subjects. Another goal of the law is to hire and retain qualified and skilled teachers for the main academic subjects in schools. The population identified and targeted for the No Child Left behind Act is the economically disadvantaged children and parents in certain poor performing and dangerous schools and school districts across the country. This population was impacted favorably in various ways. Through mandatory state wide testing the schools performances were monitored and problematic schools were identified. Additional funding at the local, state and federal levels were allocated for this lackluster schools to supplement more successful learning programs, hire quality and experienced teachers and if the school’s performance doesn’t improve, the parents have the choice to get supplemental tutoring, after school services or transfer to a better school, with transportation provided. The disadvantaged students with limited proficiency in English are identified and given addition help, impacting them positively. The gap between the advantaged and disadvantaged students is projected to narrow. Some of the positives identified of the NCLB Law include steadily increased student test scores since 2002, especially amongst minority students. Higher qualified teachers and professionals are teaching over 90% of the classes in the country and a little less than half a million students have received additional help such as tutoring or been able to transfer to better performing schools. (Carleton University 2008) Possible negative aspects to the No Child Left behind Law exist also. Since states are mandated to test students yearly, some critics claim the teachers are teaching the testing specifics or â€Å"teaching to the test† in order that the children do better. This is not really ensuring that the students thoroughly understand the subject matter. Different state standards have made interpreting the data difficult as well. Another factor that can hinder the success of the NCLB program is the high dropout rate in many states. According to an Alliance for Excellent Education publication, in the United States, every day up to seven thousand students dropout. This is 1. 3 million annually and appears to be an epidemic. These numbers skew the positive results for the NCLB program. This also has a huge impact on many areas in society, such as crime, cycles of welfare, and shortfalls in the economy. If the dropouts of the school year 2009 had indeed graduated high school, they’d earn an addition $355 over their lifetimes. (Education Week 28, no. 34, 2009) Some claim that a very negative factor of the NCLB has been the lack of funds actually received by the states. What they were promised by the government didn’t always materialize. The requirements of No Child Left Behind are extensive. It is implemented by each state annually testing students according to standards they set and adopt. This is required in grades third through eighth each year for the subjects of math and reading. Science is to be tested three times during a student’s career. Each state must comply with determining if a school district and its schools are achieving 100% of students being successful in meeting the standards. Schools are required to have their teachers be highly qualified in the core academic subjects and use scientifically based education programs and proven and tested strategies. Support is given for students who may be in special at risk categories, such as insufficient knowledge of English, homelessness, truancy and etc. The result of each state’s 3rd through 8th grade reading and math testing will be collected, analyzed and recorded carefully. These results are studied at the local, state and federal level and reported accordingly. This will aid educators at each level in identifying the success of the No Child Left behind Law. New goals can be implemented and areas requiring additional attention and help can be addressed. When schools in need of additional improvement are identified then more attention and aid can be properly allocated quickly and efficiently to maximize results and get the school back on track as soon as possible. Also, using a special system with compiled data to track both graduates and dropouts can be shared locally, statewide and at the national level to analyze trends and adjust areas if needed. Thorough state testing with more uniform standards across the nation will result in a greater ability to analyze the success of the NCLB law. Knowing exactly how the schools are performing can result in stronger accountability. The current administration has adjusted some of the original budgets, standards and goals since the original law No Child Left Behind was passed. President Obama hopes to transform the United States into the most competitive workforce and highest number of college graduates in the world by the year 2020. The U. S Department of Education states its mission is: â€Å"It seeks to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. † (U. S Dept of Education 2010) References

Click on the link to read the information Assignment

Click on the link to read the information - Assignment Example Harmful algal blooms are uncontrolled breeding of algae in the aquatic environment. Some produce harmful chemicals in lakes or oceans, but even non-toxic blooms are also harmful to the environment. Harmful algal bloom produces dangerous chemicals that can contaminate marine life. Harmful algal bloom results in massive death of aquatic life. Human illnesses caused by harmful algae are because of consumption of seafood contaminated with toxins from algae. These diseases are paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera poisoning. Mote marine laboratory and South Florida University use robots immersed under water in the study of red tides. Red tide is a name of an algal bloom induced by species of algae well known as dinoflagellates. This type of algal bloom exhibits red colour. Local authority for instance at Tampa Bay, are trying to control it by frequently monitoring the bloom and harvest water for laboratory analysis. ht tp://mote.org/news/florida-red-tide / Web.29 Jan. 2015 Water fluoridation poses several health risks to human beings, mainly children. The right measured quantity, which has the adverse consequence on the community, is not easily determined. High amount of fluoride in water is mainly likely to result in dental fluorosis. The rate of exposure causes severity of the ailment. Fluoridation is also efficient and cheap way of improving dental health in a society. Several studies indicate children who have ingested fluoridated water to optimal levels suffer less tooth decay. Fluoridation of water also prevents tooth among seniors in communities. Based on the reasons above I would not support fluoridation of water. Creation of pathogenic or fatherless embryo may result in the formation of animal-human hybrids caused by fusion of animals and human cells. It also does not require sperm to produce a new living being. Due to these reasons, religions

Immigration vs the NASW Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration vs the NASW Code of Ethics - Essay Example In essence, most of the professional fields have stipulated particular consequences in form of fines and penalties that should be imposed on anyone who does not adhere to the ethical conducts. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is the social worker’s professional organization in the United States. However, not all workers belong to the NASW. The organization has stipulated principles and values that all members adhere. The enshrined values aim to promoting the social aspects within society. The NASW code of ethics advocates for equality and justice to all. However, the federal government’s current policy on immigration has remained the most controversial aspect that contravenes the tenets of the National Association of Social Workers. North America is known as the land of immigrants because unlike any other nation, it receives millions of immigrants annually, and this has labeled the United States as the melting Pot in the globe. The proposals such as Tax ation Laws, Prosecuting Illegal Immigrants, H4 visa Program and the H-1B Visa Program, put forward in the much-awaited amendment of the immigration policy contravene the basic values of a social worker’s perspective. However, proposals such as the Life Adjustment Program, Legalization of Undocumented Immigrants and W-visa Program promote the values of a social worker. ... This paper seeks to examine the core values and principles of NASW’s code of ethics and compare them to the 1986 immigration legislation and its current policies and procedures of enforcement. This comparison will guide a detailed discussion of what changes in policy should be included as the Congress contemplates new immigration legislation in relation to the social worker’s perspective. As point of departure, the illegal entry has taken place for a long time and indeed, during the 1986 amnesty, almost 12 million illegal immigrants were in the United States forming 5% of the entire work force (Washingtonpost.com, 2013). This statistics indicates severe situation, since the statistics are overwhelming. This might have contributed to the stringent immigration policy, which the social worker’s perspective does not support. The issue of immigration is a national problem to the US government and an international challenge across other countries. A bill was passed in the U.S. known as Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986,and became a law, which made legal the hiring and recruitment of illegal immigrants† (Washingtonpost.com, 2013). According to Goodman, (2013), comparison of this law with the NASW, evidences that, the law enshrines tough regulations that turned out to be inhuman. The NASW has fine ethical code of conduct that is contrary to the regulations of the Act. Other reforms made in the immigration policy in the past have consistently contradicted this code of conduct. Denial of certain rights to certain group of people is considered inhuman, since it violates the basic human rights. It will be a win situation for the members and proponents

Global Management Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Management Styles - Essay Example The kind of the company I would like to manage is the registered limited company in which the liability of all the members is limited to a number of shares they hold. There are various management policies that the manager of a limited company needs to follow to ensure that the company runs smoothly. In this ISO 9000, certification represents a means of internal communication to customers and other constituents. I will be required to adhere to the ISO 9000 developed framework by constantly referring to the requirements in the operational manual. I will be required to use my skills to ensure that I make proper judgment especially in cases of disagreements. The company requires filing tax returns, and it will be my responsibility to ensure that there is complete compliance. ISO 9000 standards are not for evaluating finished products or the delivered service but assure that the organization has well-documented quality management systems such as written procedures and rules. Policies requ ired by the company include the keeping of the company's records in addition to ensuring that its accounts are true and fair (Mendel, 2006). As the manager the company, managing employees and ensuring that each performs his or her duties perfectly will be of great use. ISO guidelines will be our guiding factor to rationalization or conceptualization logic. Another challenge that I may be faced with is decoupling in which the returns on assets may diverge from their normal pattern of correlation.

Research and development of media projects. topic about feminism Essay

Research and development of media projects. topic about feminism - Essay Example They were searching for ace ladies without against men with a stance on post-feminism (Litosseliti. 2014, p. 11). The use of term post-feminism appeared in 1980s describing the backlash against second-wave feminism and now it has become a label for a wide range of theories that are critically examining the previous feminist discourses and challenges of second-wave feminism. The media has played a vital role in post feminism as according to Patricia Bradley the movement of feminism was highly packed with the mass media. Feminism believe that the media had presented the women in a manner that was only limited to the cleaner, housekeeper, domestic servant and the sex object to serve the men’s sexual needs. However the medias role also promoted the positive role so that the female could be able to show her abilities in other sectors of life. In the 1960s the female was limited to playing only one role as getting married in her early age of 20 and started her family life being turned into a woman maintaining & keeping house up, taking care the kids of her man and providing the services to her man. Her devotion was limited to her home and she could not be able to expect a lot from her life. Females were legally subjected to her husband via â€Å"head of the family† and there was no right a woman had in terms of property or other legal rights from her husband’s property. The 38% women were limited to the jobs of teaching, nursing or secretary only. In 1960 the percentage of female doctors were 6%, lawyers 3% and the engineers were less than 1%. (Litosseliti. 2014, p. 8). Post-feminism is known as a response against the contradictions that were seen and unlucky deficiencies of the second-wave feminism. It however, speaks to the accomplishment of feminism in the achievements of its objective. The term was utilized generally to represent a contrast with predominating

MicromidIK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MicromidIK - Essay Example It shows the relationship between price and the supply of goods in the market. The figure below demonstrates the relationship of price and supply. Increase of the prices of goods in the market, results in an increase of goods supplied. Production possibilities frontier Production possibility frontier is a curve that compares the rate of production of goods. For example, if there are two kinds of goods, guns and butter, and all resources are fully employed while technology remains fixed then the production of more guns would require more resources (capital and labour) moved from production of butter to guns. Absolute advantage Absolute advantage is a term used to denote situation where some countries produce certain goods more efficiently than other countries. The cost of production of goods differs from one country to another. Moreover, the skill and technology utilised in production differs. Therefore, absolute advantage is a term used to explain the ability of a country to produce goods and services more efficiently than other countries. For example, countries that produce products like steel, automotive better than other countries are said to have an absolute advantage. Marginal utility In explaining the term marginal utility, it is important to understand the term utility. Utility is a satisfaction or a gain consumer get after consumption of a commodity. Marginal utility, therefore, explains the extra satisfaction a consumer gets after consuming an extra unit of a commodity. Marginal utility is the additional benefit or satisfaction that consumers derive when they spend additional dollar to an extra unit of a commodity or service. Marginal utility also explains the diminishing utility when consumer buys more of a product or service that they already had. Example, a family with five members will need bread for breakfast where each person’s gets three slices of bread. However, if they decide to take extra bread the satisfaction or Utils from the extra bread diminishes. Inferior goods Inferior goods are differentiated from normal goods by their response to increases in income. Unlike normal goods, the demand for inferior goods decreases as income increases. Consumers of inferior goods prefer buying high priced goods when they can afford them. For example, when incomes are low, consumers travel by bus, but when income increases people buy cars and stop travelling by bus. Therefore, bus riding decline as incomes increases. Perfectly elastic demand Elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of changes in demand as a result of factors that affect the demand for goods and service. Therefore, perfectly elastic demand is a where a small change in the affecting factor (price) causes a high or extreme response of demand. Perfectly elastic demand curve has a horizontal curve with a slope equal to zero. In the above diagram, the demand of goods is zero, and above the price of $20 while it is infinite at a price below $20. Producer surplus Pr oducer surplus is the difference between what a producer is able to supply to the market and the actual demand that the market offer under a particular price and time. The situation where the producers are unable to satisfy the demand in the market defines producer’s surplus. Producer of goods and services face the dilemma of what they are willing and able to supply in the market and the actual amount of the price they get. This difference is referred to as the producer’

Should smartphones be bsnned in classrooms Research Paper

Should smartphones be bsnned in classrooms - Research Paper Example 1). In addition, the same discourse has identified that the smartphone owners by age group revealed that 23.8% are owned by young people, specifically within the 13 to 24 years range (Alexander, 2012), or those who are considered within the school-age bracket. In this regard, the current study aims to determine the effects of smartphone use in academic performance. Despite the academic benefits that have been published associated with smartphone use; apparently, there are more costs or disadvantages linked to its usage within the classroom setting. As such, one argues that smartphones should be banned in classrooms due to the greater disadvantages associated to its use and its negative impact on academic performance. Impact of Smartphone Use in the Classroom Setting One of the more prominent reasons for arguing that smartphones should be banned is its being used to promote maladjusted behavior, including cheating and posting inappropriate information about teachers (Gutnicki, 2010; ( Barkham & Moss, 2012). As emphasized by Gutnicki (2010), â€Å"smart phones are being utilized to cheat in the classroom and to record/post inappropriate information about teachers. ... Concurrently, smartphones should be banned in classrooms for being a distraction and taking crucial time from focusing on the instructions. From among the schools that have confirmed the distractive effect of smartphones, instituting banning or prohibitive policies of their use within the classroom setting were noted to have gained benefits in terms of improvements of academic behavior. As noted from a spokesperson for Cockshut Hill Technology College in Yardley, Birmingham, â€Å"we introduced a complete ban on mobile phones two years ago because of the disruption they were causing†¦and it has improved behaviour† (Barkham & Moss, 2012, par. 14). If the collective time spent of viewing and attending to applications in the smartphones are removed, these time would completely be focused on academic endeavors and instructors would enhance students’ awareness of subject matters that would benefit them most. Thus, the banning of smartphones has evidently proven that stu dents’ behavior and academic performance significantly improved. Finally, smartphone use were clearly linked to cyberbullying. Banning smartphones within the classroom setting and within the campus would therefore minimize time spent to send distructive messages that aim to ridicule, discriminate, or victimize unsuspecting students. As emphasized, â€Å"a recent survey conducted by the National Crime Prevention Council reported that 43% of middle school students: received an e-mail or an instant message that made them upset had something posted on a social networking site that made them upset had been made fun of in a chat room; had something posted on a Web site that made them upset; had something posted online that they did not want others to see; and were afraid to go on the computer†

Certain unknown wire Essay Example for Free

Certain unknown wire Essay To find out how resistivity changes as the length of wire is changed, and to find out the resistivity of a certain unknown wire. Equipment   Power Pack Ammeter Voltmeter   Crocodile clips   Wire   Metre rule Thermometer Method 1. Measure the diameter of wire using a micrometer, taking measurements in 3 different places along wire and take an average. 2. Take a piece of wire which is 100cm long, and attach t a metre rule. 3. Connect up wire to a power Pac, ammeter and voltmeter using crocodile clips and wires, to produce a circuit. 4. Vary the length of wire used in circuit by moving croc clips along the wire at 10cm intervals. 5. Record in a table the voltage and current for each of the 10cm intervals. 6. Find the resistance of wire for each recorded length, using the formula R= V/I 7. Repeat the whole method 3 times and find the average resistance of each length of wire. 8. Measure the temperature of the room with the thermometer and note this down. 9. Use the average diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area using A= ? (d/2)2 10. Plot resistance (y-axis) against length (x-axis). Draw in the line of best fit. 11. y=mx+c R= (? /A i length) + 0 Use gradient ? /A to calculate resistivity (? ). Safety. Safety was one of my top priorities. I was cautious when measuring the voltage of the wire incase it became very hot. The voltage was not increased to above 2V as this would probably burn my hands or the metre rule, due to the heating effect of wire. Preliminary test It was necessary to carry out a preliminary test in order to familiarise with using the equipment, and also to help realise mistakes, so that they wouldnt affect the real experiment. The experiment was set up as said so in my method. Preliminary Results Length of wire (m) Average resistance (? ). My results show me that as the length of the wire increases so does its resistance. In my actual experiment I will get 3 sets of results and calculate average in order to obtain precise readings. I found that I should use a low voltage in order to keep the heat generated as low as possible. Using a very high voltage could have burnt the wire or the lab unit. During the experiment the wire heats up, this causes more collisions between the electrons and the atoms as the atoms are moving into the path of the electrons. This increase in collisions means that there will be an increase in resistance. So to eliminate this extra resistance I will have to turn the power pack off after a while to let the wire cool down. I would also need to ensure that the crocodile clips were placed in the exact positions on wire e. g. 10, 20 cm etc. this would ensure reliable and more exact results. All these will have to be taken into account and will help me to minimize errors when calculating the resistivity of my unknown piece of wire. Prediction I predict that as the length of the wire increases, so too will its resistance. If the length of the wire is increased then the resistance will also increase as the electrons will have a longer distance to travel and so more collisions will occur. Due to this the length increase should be proportional to the resistance increase. So if the length is doubled the resistance should also double. This is because if the length is doubled the number of atoms will also double resulting in twice the number of collisions slowing the electrons down and increasing the resistance. My graph should show that the length is proportional to the resistance. Resistance means the property of anything to constrict the flow of electrons (a current). The electrons that carry the energy within the metal wire collide with obstacles (atoms) inside the wire and change direction. (The atoms in the wire are obstacles to the electrons. ) This is known as scattering. This causes electrical resistance. Therefore, I can predict that the electrons will collide with the atoms, when the atoms have more energy, more often. The graph that I am expecting should look something like: Theory We define the resistance of a material as resistivity. 2 factors affect the resistance of a conductor are its length and its cross-sectional area. Resistance ? Length (Doubling length doubles resistance) Resistance ? 1 Area (Doubling the cross-sectional are halves the resistance) Resistivity can be measured using ? = AR L And R= ? L A Where: R = resistance P= Resistivity constant L= Length A=Area To find ? I am going t plot a graph of R against L. The gradient of the graph will allow me to calculate ?. The equation of the straight line is y= mx + c As the line will go through the origin c =o Therefore y= mx The Resistance will be the y-axis and Length will be the x-axis. Therefore:- R= mi L As R= ? L The gradient of this is ? /A (excluding R and L) A So.. m=? /A ?= mA The area will be found by measuring the wires diameter and using the formula A=? (d/2)2 Section B- Results L (cm) VThe diameter of the wire was found using a micrometer. 1/mm 2/mm 3/mm Average/mm 0. 19 0. 19 0. 19 0. 19 Minimising Errors To minimise errors the following precautions were taken:   Method completed 3 times so that averages could be calculated. All results taken at same time so that temperature changes do not affect resistance Micrometer used to measure diameter of wire, as it can measure small distances accurately Meter ruler used to measure wires length accurately. Power pack was turned off to cool inbetween readings so that the wire did not get hot and thus affect the reliability of my results at each value.   I also tried to minimise human error in the experiment, such as putting the crocodile clips on the exact lengths and recording the readings on the ammeter and voltmeter accurately. Section C- Analysis Calculation The cross sectional area of the wire is calculated using: A= ? (d/2)2. So my value for resitivity of the wire according to my results is 39 i 10-8 My prediction was correct because I got a straight line on my graph and this shows that the length is proportional to the resistance and as the length of wire increases so does its resistance. I believe my experiment was good because Section D- Conclusion Analysis of errors Error in the area of the wire 1/mm 2/mm 3/mm Average/mm Range/mm 0. Possible sources of error Systematic errors   There may be inaccuracies in the measuring equipment. Its possible that the micrometer may have been damaged and may not have read the thickness of the wire accurately.   There may have been an error in measuring the location of the crocodile clips, and this may have lead to inaccurate results.   The voltmeter takes a small amount of current from the wire Random errors The temperature of the wire and the room may have lead to increased or decreased resistances.   Thickness of the wire would not be constant, this would lead to different resistance values in different parts of the wire. Unknown material of wire   The power supply may not have been constant. Improvements   Errors in meters- use 3 different meters to check current, and voltage values   Location of crocodile clips- use pointers instead of clips to get accurate measurements Some current flows through the voltmeter- I could have used an oscilloscope as it has a very high resistance so current will not go through voltmeter.

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay Sports drinks are a highly lucrative business with many athletes believing they significantly improve performance. However recent research analysing the potential of low-fat milk as a post-exercise recovery aid has shown that highly commercialised carbohydrate-based sports drinks may be less beneficial. I have witnessed the rebranding of drinks such as Mars Refuel being packaged in sports bottles and using athlete endorsement and am interested in its effectiveness in intermittent sports. As a badminton player, I am keen to see whether low-fat milk can be used to aid recovery in varying-intensity intermittent sports. Also, there is currently a new campaign, Milk it for all its Worth, run by the Dairy Council following funding by the EU aiming to promote the health benefits of milk in young people (Dairy Council, 2010). Therefore, it is a good time to be conducting research in this area. Title Is post-exercise consumption of chocolate milk a suitable recovery drink following glycogen-depleting exercise in male badminton players? Literature Review Roy (2008) reviewed the current research on milk and its potential as a sports drink. He recognised that the limited research in this field has been conducted into the recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. The available research suggests milk favourably alters protein metabolism and is more nutrient dense than commercial sports drinks. This review also recognises the need for further research into the possible applications and efficacy of milk as a recovery drink. Recent research has shown that milk consumption immediately and one hour after exercise, is effective for strength and resistance training athletes to increase muscle mass, encourage type II muscle fibre hypertrophy and promote loss of fat mass leading to leaner mass and favourable change in body composition, (Hartman et al. 2007 and Josse et al. 2010). This is topical as young women in particular avoid dairy products believing them to be fattening (Josse et al. 2010). Hartman et al. (2007) tested whether consuming fat-free milk post resistance exercise would promote greater lean mass accretion compared to consumption of soy or an isoenergetic carbohydrate drink in young novice weightlifters. They used a relatively large sample size, increasing reliability. Josse et al. (2010) conducted an equivalent experiment in female athletes producing similar results, verifying Hartman et al.s method. Josse et al. (2010) also theorised milk consumption may have led to increased bone health; howe ver more research is needed for verification. Cockburn et al. (2010) investigated the most effective timing for consumption of a milk recovery drink. They investigated consumption before muscle damaging exercise, immediately after and 24 hours later. The study produced the recommendation that athletes consume milk immediately post-exercise, which would allow the athlete to perform at closer to optimal levels 48 hours later. This corresponds with recommendations from Pritchett et al. (2009). Precise recommendations have been given as 50-75g of carbohydrate consumed 30-45 minutes post-exercise and 1.0-1.5g of carbohydrate.kg-1.h-1 for next few hours (Ivy et al. 2002). Research has also been conducted into the effectiveness of milk for rehydration. Shirreffs et al. (2007) found milk an effective recovery aid following mild exercise-induced dehydration. They compared low-fat milk, low-fat milk with added sodium chloride, a sports drink and water at restoring fluid balance post-exercise. A volume equal to 150% of the volume of body mass lost during exercise was consumed 20 minutes post-exercise to ensure sufficient rehydration. All four drinks initially hydrated participants. However, the gastric emptying rate of milk is much slower than for sports drinks and water. This gave a greater percentage of drink retention with the milk drinks and the subjects remained in a net positive fluid balance and euhydrated at the end of the recovery period (Shirreffs et al. 2007). Conversely, the sports drink and water increased urine output resulting in a net negative fluid balance. There was no difference between the two milk drinks possibly because low-fat milk a lready contains a moderate quantity of sodium, higher than most commercial sports drinks. Research is needed to compare milk and sports drinks containing the same electrolyte content to confirm whether it is the haemodilution effect of sports drinks that led to a negative fluid balance. Low-fat chocolate milk contains the same nutritional benefits as low-fat milk but has been found to be more palatable than popular carbohydrate replacement drinks (Pritchett et al. 2009). Karp et al. (2006) found chocolate milk an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts. Their study on endurance-trained cyclists involved glycogen-depleting exercise, a recovery period in which test drinks were consumed and a test to exhaustion. The research showed that both the time to exhaustion and the total work performed was significantly greater following the consumption of chocolate milk compared to a carbohydrate replacement drink with subjects cycling for 49% longer (Karp et al. 2006). However the chocolate milk had no significant difference compared with the fluid replacement drink. The carbohydrate content of the three different drinks in this research were equal, which had not been addressed in previous studies and produced contrasting results showing no significant difference in performance between the different drinks. However the types of carbohydrates and calorie content of the drinks were unequal. Both the chocolate milk and fluid replacement drinks contained a mixture of monosaccharides and disaccharides compared to the complex carbohydrates present in the carbohydrate replacement drink. This may account for the results as the complex carbohydrates may not have completely digested in the 4 hour recovery period. Also the greater number of calories in the chocolate milk may have accounted for the improved performance. Thomas et al. (2009) addressed this problem with a study comparing isocaloric chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks with an isovolumetric fluid. The protocol was also a submaximal (70% VO2max) endurance exercise cycle in a glycogen-depleted state. Participants cycled for 51% longer and 43% longer with post-exercise chocolate milk consumption compared to consumption of carbohydrate replacement and fluid replacement drinks respectively (Thomas et al. 2009). This further supports the usage of chocolate milk as an effective post-exercise recovery drink, following prolonged endurance exercise. This research focuses on endurance athletes and the test to exhaustion is at a moderate intensity suggesting fat may be the predominant fuel source. The increased fat content of chocolate milk and subsequent increased concentrations in free fatty acids circulating in the plasma could account for the increased time to exhaustion, suggesting carbohydrate replacement drinks may be a more b eneficial recovery aid when working at higher intensities. Therefore, this research shows chocolate milk to only be a good recovery aid for moderate endurance exercise. Furthermore, this research was partially funded by Mars U.K. Ltd. which could be a potential source for bias. More recent research has studied this area, finding chocolate milk to be an effective recovery aid for cyclists after intense exercise. (Pritchett et al. 2009). The ratio of carbohydrate to protein in chocolate milk is similar to that in carbohydrate recovery drinks and therefore may help attenuate muscle damage post-exercise. Pritchett et al. (2009) compared chocolate milk and a carbohydrate replacement drink as recovery aids. They investigated the time to exhaustion working at 85% VO2max following intermittent high-intensity training and a 15-18 hour recovery period. Their study showed chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks are equally effective in attenuating muscle soreness. Time to exhaustion was not significantly different between the two drinks. The study by Pritchett et al. (2009) used drinks that were isocaloric and had equal carbohydrate content. The recovery period was 15-18 hours to allow complex carbohydrates to be broken down and participants worked at 85% VO2max during the test to exhaustion to ensure a greater reliance on carbohydrates as the main fuel source. Despite all this, the participants used to test milk as a recovery aid for high-intensity training were endurance trained cyclists. Therefore this is unrepresentative of athletes who participate in high-intensity intermittent sports. There has been only one recent study into the effects of milk consumption in team sports (Gilson et al. 2010). Training programmes for competitive sports containing varying-intensity intermittent exercise such as football have been shown to deplete muscle glycogen stores. Such programmes should produce similar results in badminton players. Gilson et al. (2010) found that post-exercise chocolate milk compared to carbohydrate consumption had no preferential effect on short-duration, high-intensity exercise. The exercise regime in this study may not have been of an adequate intensity to impair muscle recovery which could explain the results as increases in training volumes were relatively modest. The above evidence shows low-fat milk based drinks to be suitable for rehydration and recovery from endurance and strength training. However, it fails to reach a firm conclusion on whether they are more effective than carbohydrate drinks and lacks analysis on physiological reasons behind the findings. For example, none of these studies directly measures the efficacy of milk to promote muscle glycogen recovery following endurance exercise; only performance is analysed. Admittedly this is harder to achieve. The lack of research into the efficiency of milk as a post-exercise recovery drink to varying-intensity intermittent exercise sports, despite the large market for recovery drinks in this field of sport, has prompted my research. The aim is to find through similar testing as in the studies reviewed whether chocolate milk can be an effective aid for those who participate in varying-intensity intermittent sport, focusing on badminton players. Research problem There will be no significant difference in the time to exhaustion from high-intensity intermittent shuttle running following the consumption of chocolate milk and an isocaloric carbohydrate-based drink during a recovery period post glycogen-depleting exercise. Method Sampling County-level, healthy, male badminton players between the ages of 18-30 will be used (n=14). Other studies have used a sample size of 9 so whilst being realistic the increase should provide more reliable results. Well-trained athletes will be used to avoid mood or learning impacting performance. The standard will be defined as a minimum of 6 hours training per week, playing for their county and minimum of 3 years playing badminton. The Leicestershire Badminton Association (LBA) will be contacted to provide the participants needed. Snowball sampling may be used to gain participants or random sampling to reduce numbers if necessary. Lactose intolerance volunteers will be excluded. Procedure The procedure will be based on the Thomas et al. (2009) study, but will focus on intermittent exercise. This will be a crossover and fully counter-balanced study. Each participant will complete glycogen-depleting exercise to exhaustion, followed by a recovery period and an experimental trial on three occasions. Participants will be asked to arrive in a fully rested, hydrated state and to have refrained from strenuous exercise for 24 hours. They will be required to complete a 3 day food diary prior to each trial. They will be asked to arrive at the same time of day for each trial to minimise diurnal variation and this will be in the morning following an overnight fast. Participants will come for a familiarisation trial where they will be fully informed of all the risks and basic measurements such as height, mass, age and frequency of participation will be recorded. They will then be required to do a VO2max test, see Ramsbottom et al. (1988) for method, from which the running speeds for 55% and 95% will be calculated. They will also have a trial at the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) (see Nicholas et al. (2000) for method) to familiarise themselves. During this they will be able to consume water ad libitum. In the following experimental trials they will be encouraged to consume an equal amount. Experimental Sessions Following a warm-up, participants will complete the LIST (Nicholas et al. 2000). Heart rate monitors will be fitted and record heart rate every 15 seconds during exercise using short-range radio telemetry. Rate of perceived exertion using Borgs 6-20 scale will be recorded every 15 minutes. Sprint times in one direction over 15 metres using two infrared photo-electric cells and computer software will also be recorded throughout the test. Following completion of the LIST they will be given one of the two experimental drinks; Mars Refuel Chocolate Milk (CM) or carbohydrate replacement drink; Endurox R4 Chocolate (CR). The volume of CR will be calculated to provide 1 g carbohydrate.kg-1 body mass. The volume of CM will be calculated to give an isocaloric amount. The drinks will be placed into opaque bottles by a laboratory assistant not directly involved in the test. Recovery drinks will be assigned to the participants by a coin-toss. Once half the sample has been assigned to one drink t he remaining participants will be given the other for the first experimental trial. Participants will be given the alternative drink during the second trial. An equal total amount of carbohydrate will be given to the participants immediately post-exercise and 2 hours into the recovery period. Although the LIST does not replicate the situation of a badminton match, it does include the correct type of exercise used in training and often during tournaments players have long waiting periods. A total recovery time of 4 hours will be given representing this waiting period. During this time water may be consumed ad libitum in the first trial. This will be recorded and they will be encouraged to consume the same amount in trial 2. After the recovery period participants will be required to complete the LIST again. The time to exhaustion and variables previously measured will be recorded. Participants will then be asked to return one week later in the same state as previously described, replicating their diet 24 hours before the trial. The experimental procedure for trial 2 will be the same, however participants will be given the opposite recovery drink. A placebo is not being used as it has already been shown in many studies that post-exercise consumption of carbohydrate improves recovery. If at any point during the trials the participant wishes to stop or their health and safety becomes compromised the experiment will be stopped. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis will be used on the collected data using SPSS (version 17). The time to exhaustion, sprint times and heart rates following consumption of the two drinks will be compared as will the results for the initial LIST and post-recovery LIST. The significance level for tests will be P

Prosthetic Limbs : Past, Present, and Future Essay -- Prosthetics Arti

Prosthetic Limbs: Past, Present, and Future Abstract: The purpose of my research paper is to discover how artificial limbs work in conjunction with the human body, which plastics are used in prosthetic limbs, and if there are any better possible plastics out there that can be used. The 1.9 million people in America who have lost limbs find it hard to pay for them, since they’re very expensive, so I looked into materials used, which are currently plastics such as polypropylene and carbon fibers. However, there are still some problems such as slow reaction time so manufacturers and laboratories are looking into alternate solutions such as carbon nanotubes and microchips. Research is expensive though, so I do not see the cost of prosthetic limbs going down anytime soon. With the cost of everything going up, the price of artificial limbs are going up as well, some even reaching $100,000 just for an arm or leg, preventing many people from getting one, even though it may be necessary to continue their job and normal life (New Life and Limbs). Imagine you were a soldier in the Iraq War. There are about six hundred soldiers who lose limbs from the war, which are costly to replace (War Fuels Prosthetics). After serving your country you would have to come home with your life completely changed, especially if you don’t have enough money to pay for a new limb. By looking at how artificial limbs work with the body and which plastics are used, I will try to see if there are new plastics which can reduce the cost and make artificial limbs available to more people around the world. Although there are only 600 soldiers from the Iraq war who have come home with lost limbs and needed to have them replaced, other ... ...t-is-polypropylene.htm>. Newton's Apple. "Prosthetic Limbs." Reach Out Michigan. Fall 2007. National Science Teachers Association. 27 July 2008 newton/prosthetic05.html>. Ossur Prosthetics. "Prosthetics by Ossur." Ossur. 14 Aug. 2007. Ossur. 28 July 2008 . Patel-Predd, Prachi. "Sensitive Synthetic Skin in the Works for Prosthetic Arms." Ieee Spectrum Online. 4 Jan. 2008. 29 July 2008 . Singer, Neal. "Prosthetic Limb to be Controlled by Microchip." Sandia. Sandia National Laboratories. 29 July 2008 . The Associated Press. "New life and limbs for Iraq war amputees." MSNBC Health News. 8 Mar. 2004. MSNBC. 27 July 2008 .

Last Chapter of A Brave New World :: A Brave New World

Last Chapter of A Brave New World John's eyes fluttered open and he cautiously surveyed his surroundings. Where was he taken? Who knocked him unconscious and carried him from his solitude at the lighthouse? He did not have to wait long for his answer, when he saw his friend standing over him, shaking him to awareness. "It's about time you came to," said Bernard Marx, "we've been worrying about you." Helmholtz laughed as he came around to the bed John was laying on. "Don't look at us like that, Savage. We have good news for you." Bernard wore a smug look on his face as he told John of their accomplishments. "We have met some of the most intelligent men of the world here at this island, and we found a way to overthrow this so called civilized society which has tried to subdue us one too many times. We destroyed all the soma in London, and right about now, all England is in an uproar. We were able to get you out in time; before anyone tried to come for you, youà ­re to blame for all this, you know." "Youà ­re a mighty unpopular fellow back in London at this moment, Savage," came Mustapha Mondà ­s voice from the corner. "But anyway, enough of this dallying, we have work to do." As John rose from the bed, all that he was hearing started to sink in. Loss of control in England? Thatà ­s not what he had intended. The damage was done, though, and Mustapha was right, they had a lot of work to do. There was no time to waste. The group consisted of one hundred fifty seven men and women who had been sent to the island because of their inability to follow the rules of civilized society, as well as Mustapha, Marx, Helmholtz, and John. Mustapha was the leader, of course, because he knew all the laws, and was a natural commander. Together, they planned to destroy the worldà ­s soma supplies, and all the manufacturing plants. Once the citizens were cut off from the drugs, theyà ­d be more apt to become deconditioned. The next step would be to teach the world of meditation and natural herbs such as St. Johnà ­s Wort for wellbeing, and to detoxify and preserve their bodies using deep tissue cleansing techniques and fasting. Schools had to be set up; treatment and rehabilitation centers had to be opened.

Analysing Kant Essay -- essays research papers

Kant Sewction 1 Kant starts off making two distinctions regarding kinds of knowledge, empirical/rational and formal/material. Empirical or experience-based knowledge is contrasted with rational knowledge, which is independent of experience. This distinction between empirical and rational knowledge rests on a difference in sources of evidence used to support the two different kinds of knowledge. Formal is contrasted with material knowledge. Formal knowledge has no specific subject matter; it is about the general structure of thinking about any subject matter whatsoever. Material knowledge is of a specific subject matter, either nature or freedom. Rational knowledge is metaphysics, of which there are two branches, the metaphysics of nature and of morals. The metaphysics of nature is supposed to provide rational knowledge of the laws of nature. These are not empirical laws; they are more like universal principles of nature that any empirical physical would presuppose, such as that no event in nature oc curs without a natural cause. The metaphysics of freedom is supposed to provide knowledge of the laws of freedom. These are the universal rules which free agents devise to govern them. Thus, Kant's grounding, his initial attempt at a critique of rational reason, is an investigation of the possibility of purely rational knowledge of morals. Take, for example, the Moral Rule: Thou shalt not lie. If the moral law is valid as the basis of moral obligation or duty, then it must b...

How has the population of Deptford has Changed from 1945-1999 Essay

In order to find out how the population of Deptford has changed in the last fifty years, I have to carry out a number of researches to help me bring this to a conclusion. This includes sources, interviews, survey, a personal account from Suzanne Samson and a visit to Deptford High Street, to take a look at the different ethnic group there. I also look at shops there and the kind of people who owned them. I also went to the Albany center and picked various leaflets to see the different activities available to the publics. As a class we designed a questionnaire and had people fill them in for us. Which should show us that Deptford has a multi-cultural population. In this report I intent to show that, explaining some of the reason and causes that make people from commonwealth country migrated to Britain. How has the population of Deptford changed? As a part of my research, I looked at some sources to see how Deptford has changed in the last fifty years. Source A is a picture of children playing in ‘Kender Street School’ in 1947. All the children who can be seen in this picture are white. Source B is a picture showing a class at ‘Deptford Green School’ in 1997. When interpreting Sources A and B it shows the different people in Deptford in 1947 in comparison to Deptford in 1997. By comparing these two sources we can see that there is a massive change, to the kind of people who lived in Deptford at these two times. Source C is a photograph of Deptford High Street and shops which existed in 1963. Source D is also a photograph of Deptford High Street but in 1997. Source C and D show some shops in Deptford High Street, however these shops we can be identify now were represented by other. For example in 1963 there was a ‘Burkes’ store which is now represented by a ‘Halal’ butcher store, which show how different ethnic groups have mixed in as they have settle in. Of all of people, who have answers to our interview, 50% were male and the other 50% were female. 50% of all the people we interviewed were 31-40 years old, whereas 25% were 21-30 and the last 25% were over 60 years old. With 50% of all the people we interviewed were White-English. Whereas 25% were Chinese and the last 25% were Black-Caribbean. The White-English interviewees had lived in London for 32 years. The Black-Caribbean interviewees had lived in London for 43 years, whereas the Chinese interviewees had lived in London for 20 years. The reason why all the interviewees had moved to London was very similar as most people have settle here because of employment and a better standard of living. For example they can take advantages of London, jobs opportunities, lifestyle and child benefit. However the most common reason why foreign has settle in Britain, was for a better education. People didn’t move to Britain for employment as there were very few jobs available and they could not compete, as many of them couldn’t get a decent education in their country. When we asked the Chinese interviewee how many time they have visit their country of origin, s/he had said s/he had never visited their country of origin, whereas the Black-Caribbean had said s/he visit their origin country BI-annually (every other year). The majority of the people we interview had work, apart for a White-English interviewee. When we asked all the interviewees if they had relative in London, everybody said that his or her families also live in London. 75% of the interviewees said London was a multi-cultural place when they arrived. As one White-English interviewee said London was a multi-cultural place when they arrive, whereas the other didn’t remember. Both the Chinese and the Black-Caribbean said it was a multi-cultural place when they arrived. The first time Britain took in immigrants was after the ‘Second World War’ in 1946. Where the European volunteers’ workers scheme launched to rebuild London, however many commonwealth people were still unable to move to Britain. So in 1948 a ‘British Nationality Act’ was passed, which allow those who lived in the ‘Commonwealth’ countries to become a Britain citizens. To see if this ‘British Nationality’ effected people from all over the Commonwealth countries and to help me with my coursework, I looked at a personal account of Susanne Samson’s. Susanne was a Jewish born in Germany, Berlin on the 25th march 1924. Unfortunately for Susanne she was at the age of nine when Hitler won the general election making him the second powerful person in Germany. Hitler had a lot of prejudice against many kind of people e.g. homosexuals, trade unionist, communist etc. However he prosecuted Jewish people the worst over other people. Once Hitler had full power over Germany he made a lot of changes, and one of them was to ensure that Jewish people had no power in Germany. So he took away all the Jewish people right to make a living e.g. closed Jewish shops, factories, businesses etc. One-year later Hitler prejudice against the Jew was clearly showing as Susanne explains she knew that the Jew was being treated differently to other. Running into Nazis marching was very uncomtable for her, as she had no knowledge of what they would do to her, if they saw her and knew she was a Jew. As a result for her fear of Hitler and the Nazis, she moved to Italy. However she didn’t settle in Italy as her mother found work in London. Susanne expectation of London was very different to what she got. As she thought that London was rainy and misty all over, as she knew about this from text back in Germany. She also that London was a place of lords and ladies. When arriving in London Susanne thought London was very exciting place. Bringing only her most valued possessions, her and her family was guaranteed a house, clothes, food and an education. Susanne and her mother stay with a Jewish family who her mum worked for as a housekeeper. Which was not to Susanne family expectation, however as her mum had very little understanding of English she had no other choice but to take up that option. Shortly afterward there was speculation of Germany bombing London. Which meant school and all children was to be evacuated from London and taken to Somerset. After staying in Somerset for a while Susanne returned to London, and got an apprenticeship with a photography studio before war took place. Life for Susanne wasn’t going to well as she had to leave the studio as a result of lack of war workers and which was consider as unnecessary at war. However she was able to find employment in several places but they were temporary. To support our researches and interviews, we visit Deptford High Street to see if all the information we have collected so far is correct. And our so I objective is proved, as Deptford is a multi-cultural community. There are many different races: Chinese, White, Black-Caribbean, Asian etc. I also found out that there was a collection between the ethnic make-up, to the different ethnic shops (businesses) in Deptford. For example, there were Chinese and Indian restaurants and take away, Black-Caribbean and Asian vegetable stores. I picked up leaflets from the ‘Albany Center’ as some proved of my visit to Deptford. All these leaflets show different activities from different ethnic group, which are available to the public. A typical example is a theater show ‘show and dance’ staged at the ‘Calabash Day Center’, this activity is mainly aim at the black community. Another leaflet is picked promote Chinese and Arabic Saturday classes. All this information show is how Deptford has become a multi-cultural community as different people have settle in. Why have people migrated to London? According to sources A and B (factual texts) many people migrated to Britain because after the war so much British men and women were killed that there wasn’t enough people to rebuild Britain. So in ‘ 1948 the Britain government passed a Nationality Act’ allowing all colonial and commonwealth citizens to become a British citizen. Which meant the Britain government can bring people for commonwealth country over to Britain, to rebuild the landscapes. However for the majority of the people who has come over to Britain they were given the dirty and the unpopular jobs, as they were not educated enough for the higher-class jobs e.g. designer, lawyer, pilot etc. In order for these people of a lower living standard to come to Britain the British government had to give out loan to them, which had to be pay back once they got settle in. Source C is a picture of Black-Caribbean people entering Britain by boat, which was published in a newspaper. The people who are shown are very smartly dressed with winter clothing and equipment. The why reason why this particle picture was publish was to attend to change the British people point of views of Black people in general. This picture also published to show that Black were very independent working people, by their smart looks and are quite civilized people as their appearance were very similar to the British people dress sense â€Å"they are just like us.† Source A2 is a extract for a history book, which is consider not to be a very useful piece of evidence as is has no personal account and the we don’t know who has written this text. However this text does contain factual information, and I support alot of researches has been done before the text was written. However this text lacks a very important aspect – which is, who wrote this particle piece of text? Which I believe is the most important aspect when a piece of text is used as evidence. Source C2 is a photograph showing some migrants arriving in Britain by boat. When it can to deciding if this photograph is useful as a piece of evidence. I consider it also not to be very useful; as I believe the person who have taken this particle photograph was a white person. Which meant s/he could have taken and published this photograph because of personal and for pacify reasons. For example they wanted to change the British opinion of Black-Caribbean people. Another reason why this photograph is not a useful piece of evidence is that I believe this photograph could have easily been rearranged or fixed to fit the government, and how they wanted the British people to see Black-Caribbean people. I have reason to believe in this because as we all know the Caribbean is consider to a very hot place to live all around the year. Which mean it’s very usual to see Black -Caribbean people with winter clothing and equipment. Source D2 is an oral interview with Suzanne Samson, who is a refugee from Germany. I consider this source as being the most useful piece of evidence out of the three. This because this source is factual and personal which is most likely to be the true. Even through is can be make up, over exaggerated, or the person can’t remember everything, as it’s a child account. Sources E2 and F2 are two phase of why Somali have settle in Britain. The reason for Somali settlement has changed form the 1945 to the 1980’s, as Somalia’s first settled in London to â€Å"seek better employment† and to make enough money so they can retire back to Somali. When arriving in London they settled in the London East End, to a sailor community, as they were poor and uneducated. The second reason why Somali settled in Britain was to run from Said Barre’s Regime who was the ninth dictator. However these people tended to be richer and educated e.g. doctors People have migrated to London for many different reasons. The majority of these reasons are considers as the result of a ‘push’ or ‘pull’. The ‘push’ factor is when a person is force out of their country e.g. wars, health, environment etc. The ‘pull’ factor is what attracted a person to over e.g. employment – in 1948, the ‘British Nationality Act’ was passed to allow people in the commonwealth to come into British, allow them to become a British citizens. However the most common reason why people migrate to Britain is for a better education. The experience of migrants in London. According to source A3 and B3 (two personal account), the people expectation of Britain- London was very different from what they got. As these people expected Britain to be the â€Å"Golden land†, the land of opportunity and hope. However Britain was nothing to their expectation, â€Å"the houses all capped together and no spaces.† Sources C3, D3 and E3 are all particle part from different newspaper article. All these sources show us that the type of prejudice that Black and Colour people had to face was racism. For example, White and Black pubs and jobs were separated. However the majority of the While community would have the better choices from jobs, pubs, lifestyle etc. Source F3 is a cartoon which show a While person stabbing a Colour person, and in the background there is a Nazis and the cartoon contain an image of people being hanged. This cartoon is making a comparison of Germany- Nazis and the racial activities which take place in Britain e.g. racial attack. The cartoonist has made a comparison between Hitler and the Nazis with the racial activities which take place in Britain, as Hitler and the Nazis were a very racial group as they killed thousand of Jewish people, where with Britain there are many small racist attacks everyday. This source (F3) is quite useful as an historian text as it shows that racism does exist in Britain, even though it’s a one sided view of the polices response to racism attack in Britain. However it’s not very clear when it come down to telling factual information about the incident and is over exaggerated e.g. there is no hanging. This cartoon also shows us that people like the cartoonists are seriously worried with the violence. Source E3 is an article published in a newspaper, which consist of five personal accounts of five different men living the Southeast of London. In these account of people living in South-East London, Mr. Roger (While) believe there is a over glowing amount of Black people which is partly why he dislike his area. He also believe Black people â€Å"pack them into houses†, however he believe his Black neighbours are very friendly. Where with Mr. Barring (Black) who believe the South-East is a place of many culture and a place of little racial discrimination, â€Å"I have never come into contact with a colour prejudice† and â€Å"I like it here† However Mr. Fitz (Black), who has lived in the South-East for 12 years comparison to Mr. Barring who has lived in the South-East five years, believe the â€Å"neignours are the same the world over, sometime good and sometime bad. He also believes there is racial discrimination in his community. For example, employees think you’re less able because of your colour. Mr. Frankin (Black) also spares a similar opinion to Mr. Fite, as he believes his neighbours are quite friendly. However his has â€Å"come into contact with racial prejudice in the past. The final account is from Mr. Charle (White) who believes the Black workers are a † very happy crowd, but a nuisance when they make a noise. He also believe he is â€Å"not prejudiced against them but he rather they were not here. All these accounts are quite useful and reliable, as the majority of these accounts are factual about personal experience of racial discrimination. For example, 2 out of 3 of these colour people accounts show that they have seen and experience some racial discrimination in the past, â€Å"I do come into contact with racial prejudice†. This sign of racial is supported by Mr. Charle account (White) who â€Å"would rather they (Black people) were not here†. This account show us that Mr. Charle is prejudiced to Black workers, but doesn’t except that he is prejudiced, â€Å"I am not prejudiced against them (Black people). However these are personal accounts and do not represent London as a whole. The aim of the newspaper in publishing these account is to promote good race relations In order to write a complete and reliable account of the experience in migrating into London between 1945-1997 I could studied many other sources. For example I can studied a personal account of someone who has just move to London, to see if they’re similar to all the other personal accounts I have studies. I can also do and studied a simple questionnaire, which could be used to support these personal accounts by comparing them. How have migrants affected the area? Migration has affected the area of London and Deptford in many ways. As more and more people have come into London, they have brought with them their traditions and culture, which over time has been accepted, into British society. These traditions are widely practised all over the Britain. Source A4 shows an account by Minette Bailey of what she thought of London, when she first came from Jamaica. She thought that the British people were hypocrites. She said that: â€Å"It is very strange to see how many people flock into church on Sundays instead of going to worship God. It is very strange how many English missionaries come to the West Indies to teach us about God.† This was the feeling many black people had, so they decided to establish Black-led churches, so their traditions could be maintained. This had been acknowledged by many people and also welcomed. In 1982, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie said: â€Å"the presence of the ethnic groups with their different religious traditions has given new breadth and generosity to our vision of the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God.† The idea was welcomed and even praised by many people. Source B4 shows some young Vietnamese men practising a dance for the ‘Chinese New Year’, which was to be performed at the Chinese community school, South London in 1987. Source C4 shows a Somali boarding house, in Leman Street in the 1950’s. Source E4 shows a Mosque in London. This building was first used as a Church, then as a Synagogue, then as a church again and finally as a Mosque. You can see when the inhabitants of the area change how the area changes as well. The inhabitants of Brick Lane now are mainly Bangladeshi and other Muslims. You see this from the different languages on the sign. Source D4 shows a number of councillors in the London region. Five of the six are Black: Les Eytle, Eddie Capone, Solomon Brown, Angelina Simpson and Stephen Padmore. The last person, Claude Gonsalves is South American. This change was needed as not many English councillors in the past did things that benefited the other ethnic groups. These people have become part of the government to make sure that everybody got what was best for them. During our visit to Deptford High Street we could see that Deptford is a multi-cultural community. There are many different races: Black ? Afro-Caribbean, White, Chinese, Asian etc. I also found out that there were many different shops owned by different kinds of people like Indian and Chinese restaurants, Afro-Caribbean and Asian grocers, ‘halal’ butchers etc. I found that there many different kinds of goods available, most of which are imported from foreign countries, such as mangoes, oranges, lychees, yams etc. Within the area of Deptford, there is a Chinese health centre. Over the years all kinds people have started to use this shop to get natural herbs and medicine, rather than going to the chemist for conventional medicine. The Sainsbury’s store in the area uses a number of languages to label the goods, so it could be understood by everyone in the community. I also picked up a number of leaflets from the ‘Albany Centre’. A typical example is a jazz concert performed at the ‘Barbican Centre’; this is really aimed at the Black community. Another leaflet I picked up promoted the â€Å"show and dance† staged at the ‘Calabash Day Centre’; again it is aimed at the Black community. There was another leaflet promoting Saturday classes, such as Arabic and Chinese. All this information shows how Deptford has become a multi-cultural community as different people have settled in. Over fifties years foreigner and commonwealth country started coming in Britain in abundant amounts, until was introduced. This meant Britain would only take in a reasonable amount of people a year. In other occasion Britain also take refugees of war, such as when Asians were exiled from South Africa. Which leave me with the conclusion that if war never happened, Britain would still be a country with a high population as foreigners has been coming in to Britain for the last fifties years. Therefore there will not be as many job opportunities, so no foreigners would be attracted into coming to Britain. However as war did happened for Britain foreigners working in the country would have felt very uncomtable working those condition, leaving them with very little option but to do war works or leave the country to find work where else. Since after the Second World War (1945) till now (1999) great changes has taken place for many reason in term of the population and the ethnic groups, and for different reason e.g. a greater population with various number of ethnic group. Some of these changes are consider being the result of what we would call the ‘push and pull’ factors. For example in 1946, â€Å"The European volunteer workers scheme involve people from all over Europe in rebuilding London.† An interpretation show that this as an opportunity for many people to rebuild their lives. This quotation is also showing that this is an opportunity for the unemployed people, as there will be thousand of jobs on offers.

Allegory of the Cave and Narrator Essay

As the philospoher Seneca once said, â€Å"It is the power of the mind to be unconquerable. † Raymond Carver’s Cathedral is a story about a man who started out as a closed-minded man but, throughout the story his character changes as he begins to bond with his wife’s friend, Robert, a man who is blind. Plato’s Allegory of the cave is a story about a prisoner who is freed from being locked in chains living all of his life underground and finding out a different perspective about a lie he’s been living his whole life, being told as a conversation between Socrates and Glaucon. In the stories, â€Å" Cathedral† by Raymond Carver, and â€Å" Allegory of the Cave† by Plato, both authors argue that a person’s reality is not always what is seems to be. In â€Å" Cathedral,† Raymond Carver uses irony between the narrator and Robert when they talk about the cathedral. The narrator tries to explain how a cathedral looks like with words when he says â€Å" To begin with, they’re very tall. I was looking around the room for clues. They reach way up. Up and up. Toward the sky. They’re so big, some of them, they have to have these supports. To help hold them up, so to speak† to Robert who is blind and can’t really apprehend what is being said. (Carver, page 24, lines 448-451). Until Robert asks to be drawn a cathedral when he says â€Å" Hey, listen to me. Will you do me a favor? I got an idea. Why don’t you find us a pen and some heavy paper. Go on, bub, get the stuff† the narrator realizes that Robert sees by touching around the paper. (Carver, page 25, lines 492-495). What the narrator doesn’t understand is that the blind man can’t see what he sees even though he thinks that by describing with words about how a cathedral looks, helps. The irony Carver is trying to show is that the narrator is the one who is blind, not Robert, because he perceives his reality to be similar to Roberts but instead really isn’t. In â€Å" Allegory of the cave† Plato uses metaphor about the message that is being compared to an imaginary prisoner’s life. Socrates explains to Glaucon â€Å" Behold! Human beings living in a underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and neck chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turing round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets† to imagine a person who is living a certain kind of way for a long period of time. (Plato, page 8, lines 5-14). Then they are told that what they are living is a lie when Socrates says â€Å" And now look again, and see what will naturally follow if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and wlak and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distrees him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision, -what will be his reply? † (Plato, pages 8-9. Lines 42-51). Socrates then says â€Å" And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away and take in the objects of vision which he can see, and which he will conceive to be in reality clearer than the things which are now being shown to him† to explain that the prisoner will want to believe what he is already accustomed not to what has just been told to him. (Plato, page, lines 57-61). The metaphor that the story compares to is a prisoners life and perspective of reality, once you are told that the way you have been living for your whole life is wrong, you are most likely to be scared of the truth that has just been told to you since the reality that you have been living isn’t what it seems to be. In both stories, â€Å" Cathedral† by Raymond Carver and â€Å" Allegory of the cave† by Plato, both authors use imagery to descibe how the characters in the story are lead to a new reality that has been bestow upon them. In â€Å" Cathedral† the narrator learns the way Robert sees things when he says â€Å" He ran his fingers over the paper. He went up and down the sides of the paper. The edges, even the edges. He fingered the corners. All right, he said. All right, let’s do her. He found my hand with the pen. He closed his hand over my hand. Go ahead, bub, draw, he said. Draw. You’ll see. I’ll follow along with you. It’ll be okay. Just begin now like I’m telling you. You’ll see. Draw, the blind man said. † (Carver, page 26, lines 508-514). Carver reveals that by being very desciptive using imagery, the reader can understand how the narrator is getting really tense in a good way when he is shown that his perspective of reality of blind people just being blind and nothing else is about to change. In â€Å" Allegory of the cave† the prisoner is being taken to see a new perspective of the way he used to think when Socrates says â€Å" And suppose once more, that he is reluctantly dragged up a steep and rugged ascent, and held fast until he’s forced into the presence of the sun himslef, is he not likely to be pained and irritated? When he approaches the light his eyes will be dazzled, and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities. † (Plato, page 9, lines 63-68). Plato shows that by using imagery in his story, people can notice that the prisoner is in a lot of pain when he is being shown that his perspective of reality of the shadows being his reality is about to change for the rest of his life. In both stories â€Å" Cathedral† and â€Å" Allegory of the cave† both charcters of the story are being shown a different way of thinking. This new way of thinking evolved them into a better self being. Both charcters, the narrator and the prisoner were challeneged into a new way of thinking, both stuck to it till the end, and both became more of a fulfilled person.

Childhood Obesity Essay

The childhood obesity crisis is an epidemic that not only touches the lives of people in the United States, but it affects the lives of those all around the world. In a society where childhood obesity is a major health care concern, many do not understand the complexity of this issue whereas others just seem to ignore it. Publically it seems to fall at the wayside when it is discussed in conjunction with many of the world’s other problems. So many young children struggle with this problem as the rates of childhood obesity have increased. Childhood obesity can be defined as any child between the ages of 2 through 19 that have exceeded the 95th percentile of the Body Mass Index (BMI) in comparison of those in their peer group. BMI measures height, weight, waist circumference and skinfold to determine the amount of fat a person is storing. Today, nearly one-third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese and face major health concerns in the future (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb, & Flegal, 2010). Contributors to the obesity problem are unhealthy eating, derived from a poor diet or eating too much, not enough physical activity, and lack of information on this subject. There is not enough being done to combat this complex issue and measures have not been taken to prevent this from happening in the future. If parents are educated about what childhood obesity is, what causes it, how it causes low self-esteem, why it is such an important topic, what they can do to decrease the risk of this issue, and how this affects their children as they grow into adults, then the number of obese children will decrease in time. There is not a single specific reason as to why childhood obesity occurs. It can stem from genetics, medical conditions, medicine taken, social behavior, mental status, environment, and demographics. For example, some medicines that are used to treat seizures can decrease the body’s ability to burn calories and medical conditions such as hypothyroidism slows down the body’s metabolism, one of the main functions needed to maintain a healthy weight. An example of a mental health condition is as a result of how people become anxious, upset, or stressed and turn to overeating for escape of their problems. Obesity can also derive from our genetic code (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Just as genes determine the color of our hair, eyes, the dimples in our cheeks, they also contribute to the amount of fat you store and where you store it. The way foods are processed and chemically altered can cause genes to mutate, altering the way children grow, process, and store products consumed. According to a study conducted by Jane Wardel, Susan Carnell, Claire Haworth and Robert Plomin(2008), there is a strong influence between obesity in children and their genes. Furthermore, it states that the onset of this epidemic has not changed the results, it only verifies that obesity is a health concern. It shows that the environment plays a small part in this health care issue but the genetic codes given to us by our family increases a child’s risk of becoming obese. It is impossible to change our genetic code; however, long term weight control and community involvement are needed to decrease obesity in children that have this high genetic risk. This can have other adverse affects as children fall victim to low self-esteem. Of the reasons given, one cause does not overshadow the other as they all can affect the livelihood of our children. Reasons listed above prove there should be great concern on any occasion; however there is an emphasis on the lack of attaining insight to and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This pivotal point of controlling a healthy lifestyle is most likely the key essential part to preventing childhood obesity and overall well being (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Today, we live in a society where physical appearance is a vital part of everyday living. Through media and social acceptance, children are lead to believe that you can obtain the highest level of beauty by being thin. This acceptance can alter self perception and cause a serious issue in self-esteem. Self-esteem is an important because its outcome will shape the rest of their lives. It has influence on how they act, their mental health, their interaction with society, how they engage with their peers, and how they feel about themselves. It is already difficult that children have to go through the phases of life to get to adulthood, but when you add obesity into it, the results may be negative. During the elementary and secondary school education phase, children are required to participate in physical activities that many obese children cannot succeed in due to their weight. These children become humiliated and become withdrawn beginning the decline in grades. Obese children are often times the center of ridicule by their peers as well as adults, and as a result, making it difficult to have social interaction due to fear of embarrassment. They are unable to establish personal relationships because the feeling of criticism and failure lowering self-esteem. Personal relationships are vital for development as humans need to receive accolades from each other because they make us feel satisfied, self-confident and valuable. Being obese has a negative effect where those plagued with issue are made to feel inferior to those that judge and even themselves. Self perception can become such a severe issue that many turn to suicide (Paxton, 2005). If parents do not encourage their children in changing their diets and increasing physical activity as an obese youth, these same children are more likely to transcend their weight complications in to adulthood. There are several reasons why childhood obesity occurs and if it is not controlled at an early stage then there are many negative consequences that may occur in that child’s life. It has been estimated that about 26 to 41 percent of obese preschool children grew up to be obese adults, and approximately 42 to 63 percent of obese school-age children grew to be obese adults (Serdula, Ivery, Coates, Freedman, Williamson & Byers, 1993). In addition to increasing the risk of obesity in adulthood, childhood obesity has been known to cause pediatric hypertension, Type II diabetes, risks of coronary heart disease, creates stress on the weight-bearing joints, lowers self-esteem, and affects relationships with peers (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001). If untreated, these preventable health risks are more likely to transfer in to adulthood, become severe, and even result in death. This issue cannot be tackled by one person alone, it is the responsibility of everyone to make this an important topic and spread it throughout the masses. Preventing childhood obesity is important because this is one of the many growing epidemics that humans can prevent. This public health problem has forced the government to intervene in everyday household affairs to assist parents in reinforcing positive choices. Believe it or not, but the government plays a huge role in this national public health crisis. They give guidance, support and information vital to making this epidemic a national priority. In their proven commitment to eliminating this problem, they have changed policies, provided funding, created programs and made this problem their life’s issue. They have also given workforce incentives and have monitored the outcome of the policies and programs put in place. Childhood obesity continues to place a strain on the economy as youth projects such as Lets Move, Making it Happen and The School Nutrition Foundation, have been mandatorily created in order for families to be aware of and become involved in the prevention of childhood obesity. The U. S. Food Stamp Program has taken the initiative to explore adding $227 per month to help low income families purchase fresh fruits and vegetables. Many states have also provided incentives for citizens that promote healthier behaviors. States such as California and New Jersey have local incentive programs that give tax deductions to those that ride their bikes or economically sound vehicles to work. There are also incentives that match funds used to create nutrition education and physical activities programs within the workplace. Health care cost continue to sky rocket as $147 billion is used to provide preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to obesity (Finkelstein, 2009). It has been shown that if left untreated, obese children will grow in to obese adults and this also poses a strain on the economy. Obesity related disorders can cause loss of work resulting in many seeking public assistance due to their disabilities. It stops economy productivity as 39.3 million days of work have been lost due to obesity related illnesses (Wolf, Colditz, 1998). Beginning the practice of healthy eating and increasing physical activity at a young age will equip children for success and teach them that maintaining a healthy lifestyle will give them a better and brighter future. Parents are the first line of defense in the prevention of this health problem which is why it is so important to maintain constant influence on their children. Naturally children seem to follow in the same footsteps and the same patterns as their parents. With that being said, if a child has overweight parents, and their parents have a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits, their children are more likely to become obese. This idea also works the same way if the parents have an active lifestyle and practice healthy eating habits. They have a very difficult decision to make when it comes to healthy choices. The current state of our economy leaves low income families having to choose between food that is affordable versus food that is high in nutritional content. They also have a difficult decision to make when it comes to their mobility practices. Fast food establishments target â€Å"on the go† families with drive-thrus designed to be fast pace. The problem with this is, they serve sweet, over-processed, and fatty foods that normally have low to no nutritional content. Parents are often plagued with the focus of work and maintaining the household that they will find different means of keeping their children occupied, and often too many times that consist of watching television or playing games. Children participating in sedentary activities are acceptable for a small period of time, but the emphasis on physical activity needs to take place in their everyday lives. There are several different ways parents can help their children prevent or stop childhood obesity. They can start by taking small steps to influence a healthier lifestyle. Expecting anyone, let alone children, to change their eating habits overnight is unrealistic. Give the children goals such as eating fresh fruits and vegetables one serving more than they did the day before or going to the park and increasing their play time from a half hour to a full hour. Praise them for staying on the course, but do not reward them with junk food. Although it is acceptable to serve high caloric, sweet, and fatty foods in moderation, you do not want the children to fall back into their old habits. Trying to be creative and positive is another helpful step. This will help the children want to be proactive in staying healthy and making good decisions. Lastly, be understanding. Like with any lifestyle change it takes some getting used to. If any of the methods listed do not work for a specific lifestyle, parents should not be afraid to try a different regimen altogether or modify the current one (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). In conclusion, the ultimate goal is to stop childhood obesity in an effective and timely manner. The information given throughout this paper has given you an idea on the severity of this issue if unresolved. Parents, schools, and communities around the world have an equal responsibility in fighting this matter. If this epidemic continues on this same path, the outcome will result in obese children becoming obese adults; therefore repelling them from all the benefits that a healthy life style has to offer. A certain level of understanding about childhood obesity must be attained through education, its causes, how to decrease its risks, its effects on adolescents as they become adults, and the importance on exploring this diverse topic. Along with this understanding, there must be acknowledgment of how our society, social practices, diets, and how physical activities contribute to this health issue. Childhood obesity continues to dramatically increase, and has done so in just a short period of time. It prolongs everlasting effects on the economy, in families, in social practices, and in communities around the globe. References Finkelstein, EA, Trogdon, JG, Cohen, JW, and Dietz, W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Payer- and service-specific estimates. Health Affairs 2009; 28(5): w822-w831. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/causes/economics.html June 2010 Ogden, C L. (2010). Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963–1965 Through 2007–2008. Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Curtin, L.R., Lamb, M.M., and Flegal, K.M. (2010). Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA. 303(3):242-249. Pearce, Jamie and Witten, Karen. Geographies of Obesity: Environmental Understandings of the Obesity Epidemic. 2010 Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. 1993 Mar; 22(2):167-66. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483856. U.S. Surgeon General. Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences. Rockville: MD; 2001. Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obesity Research.1998;6(2):97–106 Paxton, HL. The Effects of Childhood Obesi ty On Self-Esteem (2005) U.S. Department of Health and