Sigmund Freud Civilization And Its Discontents - 1682 Words

Sigmund Freud: Civilization and Its Discontents In the book Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes about how civilization is a place of conflict when it comes to the need for conformity. Civilization is a place that does not function orderly despite having laws and regulations put in place. People often face the challenge in conforming to the restrictions in their daily lives when it comes to satisfying their needs. Sigmund Freud refers to religion as a method of conformity when people are conditioned to their beliefs. Men in a civilization have the objective to be happy, but often face unhappiness when they do not satisfy their instincts. In addition, Freud also believes that happiness is restricted by our constitution through the use of laws and regulations. Furthermore, the author also refers to sexuality as a component to building relationships in society. Moreover, Freud also draws a conclusion that our aggressive instincts lead us to guilt when we harm one anot her. Although Sigmund Freud makes an assessment on civilization being a place of conflict, humans lack the ability in changing their behaviors, the theory on satisfying our instincts do not bring happiness to a humans mind in our civilization. According to Freud, religion is method of conformity in our civilization. The idea of religion is used as a foundation for the purpose of human life. Men in our society have the objective to obtain happiness, but their daily activities often leads toShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Civilization And Its Discontents1582 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud, in his book Civilization and Its Discontents, contests that humans are subject to savage, animalistic instincts. He opposes the Marxist value that humans are superior to their animal counterparts, rather, he holds, humans are quite like wolves to each other. With this claim, he explores how internal compositions work in the grand scheme, to create a working mechanism of society that tames and c reates internal negotiations of behaviour and instinct. (also include what comes of the lastRead MoreAll Of Civilization And Discontents By Sigmund Freud1172 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Freud’s â€Å"All of Civilization and Discontents† can be described in a great to be a philosophical treatise where he attempts to introduce a psychological framework to replace the existing metaphysical and idealist framework. In his style, he persuades the audience to analyze the philosophical problems by applying them in his daily life. Nevertheless in his persuasion, he wants the reader to go beyond and see his own metaphysical construction. Written in the 30s, the book came at a timeRead MoreThe Connection between Civilization and Individuals in Civilization and Its Discontents by Sigmund Freud582 Words   |  3 PagesIn Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes primarily to examine the relationship between the individual and society. Through Freuds examination of the relationship, a deeper understanding of the complexity of mental life is realized. Freud begins to develop the relationship early in the work by depicting the most primitive realizations of self and the most primitive realizations of the external world. He further develops this relationship through the musing of sexual desire and itsRead MoreThe And Its Discontents By Sigmund Freud852 Words   |  4 PagesSigismund Schlomo Freud or better known as Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 and passed away on September 23rd, 1939. He was one of eight children growing up. At the age of 17, Freud attended the University of Vienna where he first studied law. He later changed his major to medicine. Freud was a neurologist in Austria and became a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna. He was well known for studying psychoanalytic theory of the mind. He created psychoanalysis which is a wayRead MoreCivilization and Its Discontents, by Sigmeund Freud Essay example840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents† is a book written by Sigmund Freud in 1929 (originally titled â€Å"Das Unbehagen in der Kultur† or The Uneasiness in Culture.) This is considered to be one of Freud’s most important and widely read works. In this book, Freud explains his perspective by enumerating what he sees as fundamental tensions between civilization and the individual. He asserts that this tension stems from the individual’s quest for freedom and non-conformity and civilization’s quest for uniformityRead MoreSigmund Freud : Exploring The Human Psyche1723 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud: Exploring the Human Psyche Caroline Zapert Senior division Historical paper 1511 words Sigmund Freud was a thinker whose exploration of the human psyche helps us, as human beings, to understand why our lives and relationships make us feel the way we do. He tells why life is hard, how to cope, and sought answers as to how modern civilization came to be. His studies spurred from his own anxiety-ridden life. Born into a middle-class Jewish family in 1856 (McLeod), FreudRead More Freud and Hedda Gabler: The Wolf Behind the Protagonist1369 Words   |  6 PagesFrom its very creation until now; civilization has been at odds with the fundamental human instinct. While civilization is just a mechanism used to control the human instinct and place an order so a broader society can function; the basic human is far from controlled. Sigmund Freud in ‘From Civilizations and Its discontents’ suggest that nothing can really control human instinct but rather deter it from its ‘homo homini lupus’(Freud, 1697) nature which translates into man is a wolf to man. ThisRead More Science, Technology, and Human Values Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesValues in Sigmund Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents, Henrik Ibsen and Arthur Millers An Enemy of the People, and Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Technology has advanced to the point where it touches our lives in nearly every conceivable way-we no longer have to lift a finger to perform the most trivial tasks. The wealth of information and science we have learned in the last few centuries have made our lives easier but not always better, especially when concerning civilization as a wholeRead MoreEgo and Super Ego in Dantes Inferno Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesand Dante in Inferno with Sigmund Freud’s discussion of the conscience or super-ego in Civilization and Its Discontents. How does Freud explain and characterize the relationship between super-ego and ego in the individual? Cite examples of the interaction between Virgil and Dante and compare closely with Freud’s discussion of the psychical agencies, super-ego and ego: To what extent does the dynamic between Virgil and Dante illustrate the same pattern or features? Freud meets Dante: Ego and Super-EgoRead More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe human psyche is divided into rational and irrational drives. Courtesy of Sigmund Freud, it is divided into the id, ego, and super-ego. According to Freud, although the super-ego controls the other two to present ourselves in a rational state within society, the id often tends to be out of complete control by the conscious, making it an unconscious action. For Freud, it’s the recognition that the irrational is there, that it must be controlled to take over. Man’s aggressive nature does tend to

The Incarceration Rate Of The United States - 2970 Words

When the word America is mentioned many people get a vision. Majority of people see it as the land of the free and where many opportunities await. In many eyes, our nation (America) is viewed as being number one, all around the board. That, I can say is true but when it comes to the incarceration of its citizens, it’s not so free after all. According to Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (2009), â€Å"the United States has the highest documented incarceration rate, and total documented prison population in the world. As of year-end 2007, a record 7.2 million people were behind bars, on probation, or on parole. Of the total, 2.3 million were incarcerated. More than 1 in 100 American adults were incarcerated at the start of 2008. The People’s Republic of China ranks second with 1.5 million, while having four times the population, thus having only about 18% per the U.S. incarceration rate.† (1) Also, â€Å"in 2002, 93.2% of the prisoners were male. About 1 0.4% of all black males in the United States between the ages 25 and 29 were sentenced and in prison, compared to 2.4% of Hispanic males, and 1.3% of white males.† (2) When reading theses statistics, I didn’t know if I was mad, or if I was just really in awe. The number of African American males in prison is astounding. I feel that without a doubt, blacks are no more criminal than anyone else in our society. Yet, it is as if blacks are more familiar with the criminal justice system than anyone else. It is almost as ifShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States2386 Words   |  10 PagesIncarceration rates in the United States, and closer to home – in Ohio, have been rising at astonishing rates over the last 20 years. Rising incarceration rates stem from increased sentencing of non-violent crimes, little attention to rehabilitation within most prison walls, and extremely high recidivism rates. The problem of the increasing prison population touches many areas of our society – from reduced workforce to inc reased state funding for prisons to the adverse effects on children growingRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration Rates On The United States2094 Words   |  9 PagesIn the U.S., our criminal justice system incarcerates more people than any other country on earth. Incarceration rates have skyrocketed over the past 30 years due to stricter laws and harsher penalties for drug use and possession. As a result of these high incarceration rates, many households and society, in general, has been adversely affected by the absence of men and women from their families and from their communities. While being in confinement is definitely tough on those incarcerated, theRead MoreLegislation and Incarceration in United States956 Words   |  4 PagesLegislation and Incarceration (Order #A2068178) The incarceration rate in the United States has steadily risen since 1973, and Franklin Zimring has examined the relationship between penal legislation and the incarceration rate. He has discovered three distinct periods which demonstrate three differences in the way legislation effects penal practices. During the first period in which there was a major rise in incarceration rates, 1973-1985, Zimring asserted that there was no relationship betweenRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poem The Star Spangled Banner after witnessing the attack on Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy in the War of 1812. The poem was sang to the tune of a well-known British song and eventually, Key’s once amateur patriotic poem became the United States national anthem in which the lyrics strongly symbolize our country’s perseverance and freedom. The Star Spangled Banner can be heard at a variety gatherings such as official military functions and sporting events where celebrity singers oftenRead MoreCrime Rate And Its Effect On The Incarceration Rate1335 Words   |  6 Pagesvariable is whether a state elects or appoints judges. The dependent variable is the incarceration rate (per 100,000 people) for each state. To control for these variables, we also measured the violent crime rate (per 100,000 people) for each state. The violent crime rate allows us to see whether or not crime rate or judges are having a measurable effect on the incarceration rate. Without controlling for the crime rate, we would not be able to tell if higher incarceration rates were truly a resultRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdid read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegal immigrants - it is criminals. That was an important quote since the stereotypical criminal in our racially div ided America in most cases are those of color also known as blacks. This is why the criminal justice system in the United States promotes the mass incarceration of blacks that can be seen through highRead MoreSouth Carolina Should Reduce Crime Rates Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagescausation, then crime rates are extremely high due to the increase amounts of people being incarcerated. South Carolina should offer a proposal to reduce crime rates. Possible proposals to reduce crime rates- offering inmates or ex-convicted felons opportunities to find jobs, developed new skills or trade, and the ability to asses counselling once release. These alternatives can possibly improve not only the society, but also South Carolina. To find a program to reduce incarceration, create a positiveRead MoreThe Death Of The Prison1446 Words   |  6 PagesSince the United States is high in incarceration rates and recidivism rates, it would be an excellent idea to examine other countries and how they man age to keep incarceration and recidivism rates low. Besides Norway, there are other countries that have a significant low incarceration and recidivism rate. Two countries are Germany and the Netherlands. In 2013, Germany incarcerated 64, 379 out of a population of 81.1 million compared to the 2,239,800 individuals incarcerated in the United States in 2011

Palace walk free essay sample

Patriarchy in simple terms can be defined as a system or government in which men hold the power and status, in comparison to women who are largely excluded. Throughout this assignment, particular attention will be placed upon issues surrounding patriarchal culture and the effects of the British colonial rule. Furthermore, the manners in which patriarchy manifests itself in regards to human relationships and behaviour will also be discussed, as well as the effect of power relations on the ability of people to self-actualise. Examples of two of the characters from within the book ‘Palace Walk’ will be used, in order to assist our understanding further on situations which relate to patriarchy. Other points which will be taken into consideration will focus on the secular and religious challenges faced by Muslim intellectuals, activists and reformers. The views and ideas of Ramadan, Ibrahim, Mahmood and Badran will be looked into and discussed throughout this assignment, alongside other theories/theorists relating to these issues. Research carried out by Millet (2000) suggested that hierarchy is described as a structure within society, in which women are placed firmly in a subordinate role. The hierarchal rule `proposes that the man possesses more power in comparison to the woman and this suggestion is carried on into the patriarchal system. Lerner (1986) also agrees with the idea that patriarchy refers to the male being in a position of authority. This assumption forms the basis of society and shows how society as a whole places men and women in to roles which they deem accordingly. Work carried out by Millet (2000) implies that men and women are actually socialised into certain roles from early childhood. In regards to boys, the role of playing a figure of ‘leader’ through play association and the influences of other male family members unconsciously places the child in a position of dominance. On the other hand girls are assumed to possess the ability to take part in a so called ‘caring’ role. Millet (2000) agrees with Lerner (1986) that through patriarchy, the male species is placed in an authoritative position and this allows the male to assume ownership over the female. Millet (2000) goes on to explain further that this position of authority and dominance may have a negative effect in certain cases and can allow situations such as emotional and physical abuse to take place. An example of patriarchy can be extracted from the book ‘Palace Walk’ in which Fahmy, the son of Ahmed, finds himself in a subordinate position within the home. His father Ahmed uses his power gained through the association with patriarchy to keep his family in line. This has led to Fahmy being unable to self-actualise as Maslow (1943) says is possible through the attainment of certain needs. In the case of Fahmy, his ability to self-actualise has been impeded by his father and his father’s religious beliefs thus not allowing him the freedom of choice with regard his place in society nor allowing him the freedom to choose his bride. The same can be said for Ahmed’s other siblings they have all been deterred from self-actualisation by the implementation of Islamic beliefs and values upon them, and their inability to have a choice in how they pursue their lives. Fahmy is subjected to emotional strain just from the tone of his father’s voice when being spoken to. Ahmed relies on being a disciplinarian as a means to controlling his family and asserting his status within the patriarchal family. Ahmed’s expectations from his family require them to respect him at all times and this is done by evoking fear within them, as a means of keeping control of his family. Ahmed’s family are expected to behave in an extremely devout way, worshiping him just as they would their religion. This type of discipline and strain is the reason why his wife and siblings keep a lot of what goes on in their lives from him. Lies and being evasive about their lifestyle is evident, however this provides them with a comfort zone from their authoritarian ruler but deters their own self-actualisation. In reference to patriarchal culture and colonialism, the western society perceives them-selves to be the more dominant force within civilisation and aim to maintain their role as the holder of power within the hierarchal structure through the use of dominance. The notion of white males being more superior in contrast to blacks or other cultures has provided a false belief of power. The East are led to feel that taking on the persona of the white man has caused them to lose their diversity of culture and traditions and has in turn led to resentment and hatred towards the western cultures and  values. These influences in power have led to attempts at colonialism by Eastern populations over their Western counterparts. The aims of the British to assume power over Egypt many centuries ago has influenced how the East perceives the West, and how this has led to the eastern communities’ response to colonialism as a whole. This hierarchical approach led the way to British dominance, and the loss of identity for Egypt. The more control taken by the British, the more British Egypt became. The whole issue of colonialism was formed around the Western idea of power, money and business and the need to accumulate wealth. Traditional responses to colonialism can be seen within Palace Walk (1991). Firstly the response of Ahmed was to support the nationalist movement by payments to the cause. However, Ahmed did assume that his time was more important and he should devote this to his work and family rather than nationalism. In contrast Fahmy, the son of Ahmed, was a devout nationalist supporter, dedicating his time to the cause, distributing pamphlets and ultimately sacrificing his life in an attempt to over throw colonialism in Egypt. The more common responses to the protectorate of the British being in place are the formation of revolutionary organisations which claim to protect the identity of Islam. They are well known for their use of violence to educate the public in their beliefs. The Muslim Brotherhood began life as a religious organisation, educating those who could not read and write, and teaching Islam. During the time of British rule the Muslim Brotherhood, founded by Hassan-al-Banna saw an increase in interest in its beliefs, as they began to oppose British rule. Egyptian nationalists have often blamed the Muslim brotherhood for violence during this era, and have often held them responsible for atrocities which took part. The Muslim Brotherhood are responsible for the organisation of Hamas, an Islamic movement created as a means for resistance to British and Western control of the East. Further groups have been founded besides the Nationalists however these have had varying degrees of effect, and have resulted in terrorism being used in the name of Islam and the Arab nations. Western cultures have spread across the Middle East along with western economic and political control. By introducing these Western ideas has only lead to the growth of Arab nationalism. Their powerful influences towards education have led to improvements in medical care and by introducing techniques from the west in agriculture and industry. However, the Arab world has felt the domination from the West was in favour for the nations of Europe at their expense. Arab intellectuals have debated whether modernization of Islam would be a positive and effective route to take for the removal of Western domination. Ramadan (2004) has stated that western democracies will not survive if the West keeps on defining opposition to Islam. He says that we need to create a world where difference is valued. In doing so it is up to the ordinary people to create interpersonal dynamics that foster ‘knowledge, respect and trust’. Ramadan (2004) suggests that encouraging all Muslims to think critically will contribute to radical reform, which will lead them from struggling to find a way forward to a creative transformational reformation of Islam. In order to build this radical reform, Ramadan (2004) has devised an approach which is known as the ‘Seven C’s’. He suggests that Muslims need to have confidence in themselves about their contribution to history through education in order to develop better knowledge of one self. Through consistency they need to have the capacity to critique Muslim societies and practices and not idealize one’s values by contributing and helping Europeans and fellow Muslims move beyond integration. Having a creative mind will increase their capacity for initiative and risk, which leads onto communication by defining concepts in showing intellectual and cultural empathy to themselves and others. They must also contest to where they feel there are unfair practices, for example within the home, religion or secular societies which then leads to compassion for oneself and others. Ramadan believes that by living out this framework, Muslims can promote discourses that advance peace, critical reflection, dignity, freedom and justice. ‘Demand justice and give love’. (p89). According to Ramadan (2004) Islam does not take a one dimensional approach. Islam respects the views and opinions of other western and European cultures whilst remaining faithful to its fundamental religious principles. The East wishes to keep their traditions and culture however they feel that their approach must be modernised. Islam according to Ibrahim (2007) has not been critiqued for over a thousand years and must be looked at from all angles and changed to reflect modern societal requirements. Ibrahim suggests that to understand Islamic thinking, one has to take a historical approach. In doing so he says that when reading the Qur’an, you need to understand the basic heritage of Islam so that this will enable the youngsters of the 21st century to develop modern Islamic thinking and be faithful to their religion. Ibrahim (2007) emphasises the need to respect history and use this as a foundation to move forward, but this must be combined with political minded thought. The dispute between the factions of government and religion has resulted in the manipulation of the Eastern society to benefit the aims of either party. This can be seen as a patriarchal approach, the need to gain superiority and domination of society and influence others through your own beliefs. As discussed briefly in this piece Ibrahim (2007) says that the way forward is to modernise Islam. Ibrahim (2007) also argues that freedom is a core Islamic value and is mentioned within the Qur’an, and the use of this central value to form the basis of society is imperative in creating a society which is based on solid Islamic culture. However in comparison to this theory Badran (1995) states there has been a lack of education for women and young girls throughout the East for many centuries, influenced by the issue of patriarchy, placing them firmly within the home with no economic use to society. Women have been deterred from taking up employment as this is seen to be a challenge to the patriarchal norms of society. Their role as discussed by Miller (2000) is firmly within the home, socialised into subordination. It is often forgotten that Universities and schools have only appeared in the U.S over the last 100 years and in many other western countries barely over 50 years. Women’s feminist movements have used this issue as a basis for their argument for the right of women to an education. The Statute of Women’s Rights, was changed in order to give women some rights within society, for example the right to education, however, was not extended to include situations within  the home. Badran believes that Muslim women have created original forms of feminism, but still the West is sceptical as they believe the existence of such in Islam is impossible to achieve. It is the element of patriarchal power that women have been attacked for when they have tried to fight against this suppression. But today there is a growing movement amongst Muslim women steering away from the inherited patriarchal Islam towards egalitarian Islam. It has been talked about how the Qur’an mentions gender equality in Islam. Activists are using these new practices within societies in order to support a reformation of Muslim family law. Islamic feminism rejects the opposition between secular and religious and the east and west. They want to separate religion and state by the upholding of a secular state which can guarantee freedom of religion. Just because people identify themselves as secular does not necessarily mean that they are not religious or anti-religious. Ramadan spoke of the â€Å"importance of a constructive dialogue on shared values†. Islamic feminism has a lot to contribute and in order to promote further involvement of shared values one needs to rest assured that the values being shared are egalitarian values and not patriarchal ideas. In the 1970’s the women’s mosque movement began. The movement had a transformative effect on Egyptian society. The main goal of the women in the mosque movement was to ground everyday life in the practice of Islam by allowing oneself to control which direction they wanted their society to move in so that they didn’t lose sight. The contemporary piety movement in Egypt required the members of the community to teach one another the correct Islamic codes. It also brought the following changes such as providing services for the poor, the forms of public debate to financial management of households. As Mahmood (1962) discusses the mosque movement arose because there were perceptions that religious knowledge had become marginalized due to modern structures of secular dominance. Muslims have asked why the West has moved forward and we have been left behind. Three common responses are as follows. Firstly we as Muslims have strayed from the path of Islam. Secondly, we have failed to maintain our  status as a world power relinquishing our power to the West. Alongside this issue is the Eastern inability to maintain an equal status with the West and the future development of science, technology and politics. However, of most importance we have been unable to maintain an economic status resulting in the East being dominated and influenced on a large scale by Western values and business. This has resulted in the loss of cultural identity and mainstream values associated with Islam in favour of a less stringent approach which is dominated by political influence. Ibrahim (2007) puts forward the impression that in order for Islam to move forward there must be a separation of politics and religion. Religion may be used to influence society and individual decisions and tradition however politics are required to have no religious intervention but be based solely on the requirements of a nation and their future as a world power. The third response is to choose between reverting to the Golden Age of Islam based on Islamic values which have been seen as a stable setting for Eastern society, or move forward in an attempt to maintain equal power with the West by modernising Islam. These answers can be useful to a certain degree in analysing Eastern responses to colonialism. A move towards the Golden Age of Islam as seen by some Muslims as the way forward is often used to demonise the west and cause conflict. Freedom is a core Islamic value and is used by some factions as a reason for the use of terrorism in defence of their nation. The influence of the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas has been substantial. Their revolutionary stance uses violence as a means to protect Islamic values. These groups have interpreted Islam for the benefit of their cause. There are many varying factors which need to be looked at for Islam and the Arab world to move forward in contemporary society. When such issues are addressed they will lead to a unified nation which is capable of maintaining itself as a world power alongside the West, although of greater importance will be the unification of its people in their aim for democracy and equality.

Case Study of Kathleen Johnson Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Kathleen Johnson. Answer: Introduction: The report reviews the case study of Kathleen Johnson, a 45 year old woman with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Due to the problem of overweight and challenges in managing appearance, she was admitted to the hospital for sleeve gastrectomy surgery. The report discusses about the etiology and pathophysiology of patients presenting condition (obesity) and then reviews her observation after 2 hours in post-anesthetic recovery room (PARU) to detect deterioration and the pathophysiology behind the deteriorating symptoms. Based on this justification, appropriate nursing management and role of interdisciplinary health care team to manage patients condition is provided. Etiology and pathophysiology of patients presenting condition Since Kathleen has been admitted to the hospital for sleeve gastrectomy surgery, it is evident that obesity is main presenting condition in patient. Her BMI is 40kg/m2 and due to weight gain and appearance issue, she had to undergo sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Obesity is a clinical condition leading to excessive deposition of fat or adipose tissue in the body of a person. Any person having a BMI of over 30 kg/m2 is regarded as obese (Cummings Cohen, 2016). The etiology of obesity involved multiple factors. For instance, metabolic factors, diet, genetic factor and physical activity level play a role in regulation of body weight. Although genetic factor also plays a role in risk of obesity, however behavioral, environmental, physiological and socio-cultural factors also increase energy balance and contribute to obesity. The most common behavioral and environmental risk factor obesity includes sedentary lifestyle, excess energy intake and poor physical activity (Saunders, Chaput Trembl ay, 2014). Social link to increase in weight includes impact of parent lifestyle and food habits on health behavior of children and youths Increase in weight is associated with other comorbidities such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Bray 2014). Kathleen is a patient with type 2 diabetes and struggling to control her diet and blood sugar level. To prevent risk of other complication, weight loss surgery was important for her. From the etiology of obesity, it is understood that genetic as well behavioral factors increase the risk of excess fat deposit in patient. The adipocyte is the main cellular basis for obesity and increased in size or number of these cells contributes to obesity. Although in normal condition, fat is stored in the body for survival during starved state. However, when a person takes high energy food in large amount, it results in excessive storage of fat and the end result for which is obesity (Goossens Blaak, 2015). Hence, the cause begin obesity is high calorie food and the cellular basis for obesity is the adipocyte. In case of Kathleen, her obesity was untreated before the surgery. Although she was gaining weight, she had not taken any preventive steps to control the condition. For this reason, opting for sleeve gastrectomy was a necessary option for her to manage her condition. Obesity mainly contributes to metabolic dysfunction and damages the function of cardiac, liver, endocrin e and intestinal gland if it left untreated (Saltiel Olefsky, 2017). Hence, bariatric surgery is the best option for obesity management. Evidence has shown that bariatric surgery leads to weight loss and contributes to improvement in metabolic disorders like diabetes too (Reges et al., 2018). Sleeve gastrectomy is also one of the bariatric surgeries that promotes weight loss and improved gyclemic control in patient (Fuchs et al., 2017). Therefore, by opting for surgical option, Kathleen can improve her symptoms related to diabetes too. Pathophysiology and nursing management of the patient Pathophysiology of patients post-operative deterioration Kathleen observation after two hours in the PARU revealed several deteriorating signs and symptoms. For instance, Kathleen respiratory rate was 28 breaths per minute whereas pulse rate was 130 beats per minute. By comparing these vitals signs with normal parameters, it can be said that respiratory rate of patient is abnormally high as normal respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths/min. His pulse rate is also an area of concern as it is above the normal value of 60-100 beats/min. Such abnormalities in Kathleens respiratory and pulse rate might have occurred due to the effect of obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption in patient. Obesity is highly associated with respiratory complication in obese patient. Obese patients tend to have higher respiratory rate because of the impact on lung function (Pepin et al, 2016). Abdominal obesity and lung dysnfunction affects systemic inflammation thus leading to respiratory disorder in patient (Oppenheimer et al., 2014). The review of Kathleens history revealed that he was heavy smoker and consumed four bottles bear every night. Cigarette smoking is one factor that has an impact on pulse rate, breathing rate and oxygen consumption of an individual. This occurs because the chemical found in cigarette aggravates the cilia, leads to the deposition of tar and narrows the air passage. Such change in the lung is reason for abnormal respiratory rate in patient (Papathanasio et al., 2013). Hence, patients presenting condition exacerbated his vital signs post operation. The review of other vital signs in patient included blood pressure of 190/100 min. This clearly indicates that Kathleen was hypertensive. The likelihood of hypertension might have increased in patient due to the effect of surgery as well as due to obesity. Overweight and obese patients are more likely to suffer from hypertension. Such association between obesity and hypertension is seen due to the impact of obesity on metabolic functions. Other mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension includes endothelial and vascular impairment, neuro-endocrine imbalance, maladaptive immune response and dietary factors (DeMarco, Aroor Sowers, 2014). This explanation confirms that obesity is the reason for deteriorating post-operative sign for Kathleen. Other factors that might have contributed to high blood pressure for patient includes smoking and diabetes. The link between diabetes and hypertension has been established because both have common pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Low-grade inflammatory response and insulin resistant increased in type 2 diabetes patient thus contributing to hypertension (Lingam et al., 2018). As Kathleen had undergone sleeve gastrectomy surgery and effect of anesthesia and surgery might have also lead to hypertension in patient (Brethauer et al., 2015). Another sign of post operative deterioration found in Kathleen was low urine output and pain score in patient. Kathleens indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) volume was 5mls in the last hour, although the normal urine output per hour is 50-60 mL. Surgery is one of the reasons for low urine output. Surgical blood loss and dehydration in patient decreases urine output and lead to acute kidney injury on surgery patients. Poor renal perfusion and decreased urine output are common complication seen in the post anesthesia care unit (Canales Hatch, 2014). Hence, the reason for such clinical deterioration in patient is clear. Another parameter that was affected for patient post operatively was her pain score. Kathleens pain score was 7/10 and the severity of the pain might also be the reason for presence of abnormal BP and respiratory rate. Blood pressure of Kathleen might have increased due to effect of pain. Pain promotes sympathetic activity thus leading to high blood pressure (Laquian et a l., 2018). Hence, while deciding treatment for patient, the effect of pain on other vital signs must be carefully examined. Nursing management of patient post-operatively Based on analysis of post-operative deterioration in patient, the main care priorities for patient are management of abnormal vital signs of patient hypertension, pain score and respiratory rate and low urine output). Since Kathleen is obese and has diabetes, hence it is necessary to improve respiratory and vascular function as leaving these sign untreated may further complicate his condition (Mahajan, Lau Sanders, 2015). The management of hypertension can be done by providing hypertensive medication to patient. After consultation with physician, the nurse can provide beta-blockers or angiotensive converting enzyme inhibitors to control his blood pressure (Wolf et al., 2016). To promote recovery in patient, the nurse also need to focus on dietary changes so that blood sugar level is maintained. Due to high pulse rate and respiratory rate, the patient may have ineffective breathing pattern. Hence, the care priority will be to assess respiratory rate and monitor ventilation status of Kathleen regularly. The rate and depth of respiration and need for oxygenation can also be examined. To provide comfort to patient, proper body alignment should be maintained too (Gordon, 2014). To address the issue of low urine output, there is a need to provide both fluid and drug therapy to prevent dehydration. During gastrectomy, some parts of her stomach were removed. Hence, it will be necessary to monitor wound healing and prevent signs of infection in patient. Apart from clinical intervention for management of vital signs, another care priority is to provide health education to patient so that Kathleen could be motivated to make changes in her lifestyle and eating habits. Since she is a smoker and consumer, making her quit both is necessary to maintain her health in the long term. Smoking has deleterious impact on obese patient and those with obesity (Lycett et al., 2015). Hence, the nurse needs to make Kathleen aware about the harmful effect of smoking on alcohol consumption on her metabolic and respiratory function. After this education, the patient can be supported to quit smoking by means of nicotine replacement therapy. Involvement of interdisciplinary health care team for the care of patient: Apart from nurses and medical team, the contribution of dietician is necessary to help Kathleen take low calorie foods and avoid food containing high amount of salt and sugar. Dietary intervention can reduce risk of diabetes related complication and prevent patient from gaining weight. Secondly, the involvement of physiotherapist is necessary as due to surgery, her mobility is affected. By collaborating with physiotherapist, Kathleen can learn to do exercise so that she can build her muscle strength. The role of a bariatric consultant is also necessary to educate Kathleen about her care needs and ways to manage her wound after discharged (Torti et al., 2017). Conclusion: The report discussed about the process of planning care for Kathleen by examining her medical history and discussing about the pathophysiology of obesity. 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